What You Dont Know About Business School Essay Samples Could Be Costing to More Than You Think

What You Don't Know About Business School Essay Samples Could Be Costing to More Than You Think Describe a challenging situation you've faced previously. Regardless of what anyone else says. Clearly state precisely what the situation was. Even though a good solution for one-on-one time, it may also be a costly alternative. The difference between both questions is the audience. Additionally, there are pages on pages of information and figures in the appendix that will help you form your argument. Within this question, you ought to make your answer as specific as possible. So consider your story. The End of Business School Essay Samples This year I again advanced to the finals simply to fail at the previous test. Based on how long you have until test day, be certain to explore as a number of the official GRE test prep materials as you're able to. The test is intended to gauge the skills you have to excel in graduate school and beyond. Just take a GMAT practice test with us under the exact conditions as the actual thing. Second, the school features quality education looking at the simple fact that its admission procedure is extremely competitive. It is possible to also become many discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Whether you should locate a plan to fulfill your school or visa requirement, or simply to supply you with the coverage you require, start looking so that you may discover a plan and get same-day coverage! Before you turn into a global student it's important to locate a medical insurance plan you can depend on. The Hidden Facts on Business School Essay Samples The target is for them to learn about various kinds of communication and be in a position to apply their understanding of marketing and precisely what mediums to utilize for their target market in a really practical way, Li stated. If you'd like assistance with your application, Jennifer can suggest numerous options that work at any budget. The One Thing to Do for Business School Essay Samples If your school doesn't offer a writing class, you can discover a workshop offered on campus or possibly a class it's possible to take online, if you're prepared to pay. Thus, students have the ability to create recommendations along with solutions for assorted challenges facing the company world. Therefore, the school considers all manners of students so as to accommodate everyone. One may think that all business schools are alike. You will have to locate a practicum, sort of like an extremely project-focused internship, and this is a fantastic opportunity for you to earn industry connections and get references for your upcoming career. There is an abundance of fellowships and other programs, but you will need to apply early and often. Bursaries for example if you're able to write a decent examples. The alumni were not any less excited. Thus, students from diverse backgrounds are readily available to learn to deal with business clients all around the planet. That's only one option, even though there are lots of fellowships and scholarship programs. Or conversely you can obtain a terrible essay but still get in. You can't afford to remain confused about the sorts of essays. Among one of the best London business school essay examples PutlockerHulu At some time, you might be asked to compose a personal essay. Business school essays form an important portion of your semester scores. So yes you can obtain a killer essay but in the event the application is weak, it won't really make a difference. Samples, application ensure it is clear about. Content supplied by students applying to begin writing this page. Admission essay editing services. Business School Essay Samples Secrets That No One Else Knows About It's possible to discover online writing workshops that cover every part of writing, for each and every skill level. The sphere of physical therapy is growing, and with my skills in marketing, I aspire to grow the native Ridgeview services across the world. It's possible your practicum will require travel, and if that's the case, that is reasonable, but otherwise, take the chance to acquire the majority of the work done throughout that moment.

Is Outsourcing A Refugee Crisis - 1544 Words

It was instructed to compare and contrast two of the authors from BF190 discussed throughout this course to a media object provided by the professor. The authors I chose to focus on are Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. From the readings â€Å"Leviathan† by Thomas Hobbes (CITE) and â€Å"Discourse on the Origin of Inequality† by Jean Jacques Rousseau (CITE), both authors have similar but yet very different viewpoints on ideas they have made. The ideas I will be comparing and contrasting between these two philosophers are their different beliefs and understandings on the state of nature and the social contract. The media objective I have chosen to focus on is Outsourcing a Refugee Crisis: U.S. Paid Mexico Millions to Target Central Americans Fleeing Violence. Throughout this essay, I will exhibit my knowledge on these philosophers and their views on both theories. The Natural State of man is considered to be a major theme in philosophy. This is because of the ongo ing debate over how the state of nature exposes the reasons to why an individual man needs to be established between both Hobbes and Rousseau. On one hand, Hobbes believes a man’s natural state is miserable, and on the other hand, Rousseau believes a man is very content in his life. The article, Outsourcing a Refugee Crisis: U.S. Paid Mexico Millions to Target Central Americans Fleeing Violence, talks about how immigrating has become a key issue. The article focuses on the issue the immigrants from Mexico areShow MoreRelatedReed Supermarket Case32354 Words   |  130 Pagesinsect-borne diseases VF is one of the world’s leading producers of bed nets impregnated with insecticide. The purpose is to prevent malaria, caused by the bloodsucking bites of mosquitoes. Besides mosquito intensive areas, this product is used in refugee camps and disaster areas all over the world. Vestergard Frandsen, which is family-owned, does not disclose ï ¬ nancial data, but over the years it has sold 165 million mosquito nets, and the company makes a proï ¬ t. The concept for the LifeStraw beganRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesand efï ¬ cient. Some argued that the secret of successful RD lay in organisational competences such as t eam working, knowledge management and close relationships with external opinion leaders. Others emphasised ‘lean and ï ¬â€šexible’ operations and outsourcing of all but core competences. Some reorganised their RD to create smaller and more nimble units – like internal biotechs. Others sought external innovation. Biotechs were contributing an increasing share of the industry’s new products via licensingRead MoreDoing Business in the Asia/Pacific Rim Region31325 Words   |  126 Pagesthe majority of people (38%). English is the preferred business language, as well as the language of the courts and for inter-State Government communication. The wide usage of the English language has been a boon for India in attracting offshore outsourcing. Time Zone Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) +5-1/2 hours. India has not adopted daylight saving time. uses standard time countrywide throughout the year. Despite its size, India 4. 2 Doing Business in the Asia/Pacific Rim Region  © 2009 State CapitalRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesto criteriology’, Qualitative Inquiry 2(1):58–72. Tranfield, D. and Starkey, D. (1998) ‘The nature, social organization and promotion of management research: Towards a policy’, British Journal of Management 9:341–353. Thomas A. (1997) ‘The coming crisis of western management education’, Systems Practice 10(6):681–702. Usdiken, B. and Pasadeos, Y. (1995) ‘Organizational analysis in North America and Europe: A comparison of co-citation networks’, Organization Studies 16(3):503–526. Van Maanen, J. (1995)

Human Resource Management Communication Process

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Management for Communication Process. Answer: Introduction Performance management is a continuous process in which there is a communication between the supervisor and an employee. This is done in order to achieve the strategic objectives of the organization. The communication process includes clarifying expectations of the organization, setting and identifying goals and objectives, providing feedback and reviewing results. The report contains discussion and review of performance management of ONGC. Oil and Natural gas Corporation is oil an Indian multinational oil and gas company. The company has its headquarters in Dehradun. Discussion and Analysis ONGC currently uses self-evaluation method in order to access staff performance. The self-evaluation method is very much effective when the method is teamed up with the review of the employees performance. In the staff performance method, the employees are asked to measure their own performance by using a form that requires answers such as multiple choice, essay type or combination of both. Acoording to Chaurasia et al., (2016),one of the main benefits of the method is that a manager can compare the self- evaluation with his own appraisal. It helps in knowing the areas where there is problem in understanding the performance of the employee. It helps in open conversation between the employee and the manager, which is helpful for ONGC(Singh Kumar, 2016). ONGC uses some techniques in order to deal with performance difficulties. Some of the methods used by ONGC are: 1. Improving motivation: some of the problems in ONGC occur due to low motivation. ONGC creates a motivating environment for its members in order to deal with performance difficulties in the organization (Gautam, 2014) 2. Performance goals: ONGC solves performance difficulties by setting goal for the organization. The employees are made to under what the organization expects from them and what the employees had to do in order to improve. ONGC provide some training sessions for the employees so that they can be able to co-operate with the organization and understands the goal and objectives of the organization (Singh, 2013). 3. Performance Feedback: for better results, ONGC followed performance feedback method. In this method, the organization provides quick feedback to its employees for their effort. The organization followed methods in which they acknowledge success of the organization by giving rewards and promotion to its employees (Khosla, 2013). 4. Creating a performance improvement plan: ONGC implemented an improvement plan in order to deal with the performance difficulty of the organization No, ONGC does not provide training process and career development program properly. Therefore, it is the need of the organization to provide proper training facilities to its employees. Career development program is also needed because ONGC is experiencing negative changes such as downsizing, restructuring etc. The organization needs improvement in productivity and as a result, ONGC prefer to promote their employees instead of hiring new employees. For this, the employees need proper training. The career development process is not only important for the employees but also for ONGC. There can be undesirable changes in the future for which both the employees and the organization need to get ready with the changing environment. To act according to the situation the employees always need to upgrade their skills and knowledge. Therefore it is very much necessary for ONGC to promote career development program, as the current approach of the organization is not much effective. ONGC suffers from poor performance management practice because of misconduct. It occurs because employees are indiscipline, willful refusal subject to progressive discipline, termination cause. These problems are very much vital. Therefore it should be prevented or improved by ONGC as soon as possible (Rabindra et al.,2014) The methods those are required for improvement includes: Proper communication between higher authority of the organization and employees Training must be provided to the employees so that they can maintain discipline inside ONGC. Notice period must be served by the organization before terminating employees from the organization. Motivation and setting of proper goal Conclusion It is concluded that ONGCs follows some unique technique in order to deal with performance difficulty of the organization. However some of its approach is not effective. Therefore, career development program method must be promoted by the organization in order to improve the skills and knowledge of the employers that will be helpful for future development of the organization. Remuneration Management Introduction Infosys is selected as the company for the report. It is a multinational company that provides business consulting, technology related information and outsourcing. It has its headquarters in Bengaluru. The remuneration provided of Infosys uses Time Rate Method for providing rewards and compensation to its employees. Discussion ad Analysis Employee remuneration refers to the rewards or compensation that is provided to the workers for work performance. Infosys uses Time Rate Method. Under time rate method, remuneration is dependent on the time spent by an employee an organization. Infosys pays a fixed amount of money to its employees on a yearly basis. This method led to minimum wastage of resources time rate method is helpful for Infosys as quality output is provided by the employers. It is also useful for the new employers because they can learn the work without having reduction in their salaries (Yan Dooley, 2014). Infosys provides rewards or compensation to those employees who are linked with the performance of the organization. The method is not effective always because it does not always motivate new employees. The employees who are working in organization for few days should also need rewards by Infosys in order to motivate them. According to Conyon, Peck, (1998),makes the employees to work with all their effort. For example if employees have some extra skills they Infosys must provide some compensation to them in order to motivate them. Infosys provides rewards on the basis of performance of the employees therefore the method is not much effective. It should be improved in order to motivate employees and help them in achieving the goal of Infosys (Doddavula Kaushik, 2016) There are many benefits, that Infosys got by using time rate method and reward process. The benefits are: Quality of production Fixed wages Improved equality among organization The quality of product that that is produced by Infosys is completely product management product. The development cost of the products of Infosys is is very low. The employees give their effort in producing product that is of high quality. In return, the organization provides compensation and rewards to its employees (Bracer et al., 2016) The organizations compensation and reward approach can be further improved by implementing some strategies.one of the most important strategy that the organization can uses is industry educational support. In a progressive workplace like of Infosys, the employees who are ready to become lifelong learner, became the top performers. Providing employees tools and resources for achieving certificates and degreeswould help Infosys in elevating the quality of product. The improvement I the quality of product would be a great achieve for Infosys in capturing the current software market as well as in achieving the goals and objectives of the organization (Mowery, et al., 2015) Conclusion It is concluded that Infosys uses Time Rate Method for is remuneration process which has some advantage. The reward or compensation of the organization can further be improved by using industry educational support to its employees. The industry educational support is important for the employees as it helps the employees in achieving certificate and degrees. The organization can also achieve success as the quality of product produced would get improved. Health and Safety Introduction In this report, Fletcher Building ltd is selected as the organization. The health safety measures of the organization have been discussed. Fletcher Building ltd is one of the largest listed organizations in New Zealand. Fletcher Building ltd is under the obligation to manage the risk in compliance with the regulations of the article where a health and safety of a worker who performs their activities related to work in isolated or remote area. Discussion and Analysis Health and safety: The health and safety at workplace was enacted to keep the workforce aware of the responsibilities regarding the safety at work place. The law is enacted to be a part of the reformation in order to reduce the number of the work place related issues. The health and safety measures in New Zealand are concerned with identifying and managing the risk and to consult and coordinate with the responsibilities regarding the management and safety of the act. The purpose of this act is to protect the workers and other people by eliminating or reducing the risk. It also aims to promote and improve the health and safety by ensuring safety at workplace. Managing health and safety risk associated in Fletcher building ltd: Fletcher Building ltd is under the obligation to manage the risk in compliance with the regulations of the article where a health and safety of a worker who performs their activities related to work in isolated or remote area. In order to minimize such risk Fletcher building ltd tries to minimize related to both health and safety of a workers who are associated with the remote and or isolated work which Fletcher and builder must provide through the help of systematic work which includes with the help of effective communication process with the worker. It is the duty of the Fletcher to manage workplace related health monitoring regulations which must give the information about the person who is likely execute the work which involves the health and hazard related activities. On the other hand, it must also inform the worker regarding such hazard before a worker starts commencing its work, which consists of work related to hazard. The information, which the organization needs to carry out to its workers, are as follows: Fletcher building ltd has the duty to carry out all the duties related to health and safety to its workers Fletcher building ltd should also enumerate the health hazard monitoring process in relation to the requirements of the health hazard. Fletcher builder should also understand the nature of the health monitoring and how it will be executed Fletcher and builder ltd is under the obligation to monitor and obtain the health monitoring report from the practitioner of health and safety and understand the content of the report. Responsibilities to ensure that appropriate monitoring of health is provided: Fletcher builder must ensure that health and monitoring of workers must consists of A type of recommendations which the practitioner of organization must provide regarding the monitoring of the health and safety measures of the worker. The organization must also issue or refer the sort of safe working environment which is beneficial for the workers. It is the duty of the Fletcher and builder to monitor and prepare a report for the workers and the management of the organization to ensure that such report is also presented to the workers Suggestions to improve the health and safety measures in Fletcher builder ltd: Fletcher builder must have the policies and procedures which should be updated and well documented regarding the health and hazard measures. It must on regular basis ensure that officers must communicate precisely regarding the effective workplace safety to every individual in workplace. Fletcher and builder must ensure that they are noting down the hazards, which they have come across in the workplace, and then they must take up the steps that those hazards are either eliminated or reduced by implementing effective controlling measures. Ensuring to document and report any such incidents which is related to work place accidents and incidents by investigating them and putting things in place and implying preventive measures wherever possible. Conclusion It is concluded that Fletcher building ltd manage workplace related health monitoring regulations. Fletcher building ltd tries to minimize related to both health and safety of a workers who are associated with the remote and or isolated work, which Fletcher and builder must provide through the help of systematic work, which includes with the help of effective communication process with the worker. References Bracer, C., Scherr, S., Molnar, A., Sekher, M., Ochieng, B. O., Sriskanthan, G. (2016).Organization and governance for fostering pro-poor compensation for environmental services. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/68392 Chaurasia, B., Garg, D., Agarwal, A. (2016). Framework to improve performance through implementing Lean Six Sigma strategies to oil exporting countries during recession or depression.International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management,65(3), 422-432. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2015-0011 Djus, T., Antuchevi ien, J. (2013). Assessment of health and safety solutions at a construction site.Journal of Civil Engineering and Management,19(5), 728-737. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3846/13923730.2013.812578#.V29wdvl97IU Doddavula, S. K., Kaushik, M. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,329,916. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://www.google.com/patents/US9329916 Enright, P. T. (2014). Work Health Safety legislation; the fire engineers neglected duty?.Case Studies in Fire Safety,2, 1-8.. https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=qLjSBQAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PP1dq=Enright,+P.+T.+(2014).+ots=KAj0S7_sh_sig=cRuVi8Et11ZgfJYa42-UEsrWSo8#v=onepageqf=false Gautam, V. (2014). Towards integrated learning and development for improving bottom line--a practitioner's perspective.Abhigyan,31(1), 1-15. https://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA368282430sid=googleScholarv=2.1it=rlinkaccess=fulltextissn=09702385p=AONEsw=wauthCount=1isAnonymousEntry=true Khosla, R. (2013). A Case Study of Mentoring At ONGC.Review of HRM,2, 290. https://search.proquest.com/openview/1c48b282b6679a74f72c94dc63289834/1?pq-origsite=gscholar Lippel, K. (2015). Health and safety in the workplace in New Zealand.IusLabor, (2), 9 https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/42875547/Falling_through_the_legal_cracks_the_pit20160220-586-kf9dzp.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAJ56TQJRTWSMTNPEAExpires=1466925570Signature=Qu2rBJOtjoOdqq8O4DnW2lo6r6k%3Dresponse-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DFalling_through_the_legal_cracks_the_pit.pdf McCaughey, D., DelliFraine, J. L., McGhan, G., Bruning, N. S. (2013). The negative effects of workplace injury and illness on workplace safety climate perceptions and health care worker outcomes.Safety science,51(1), 138-147. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753512001488 Mowery, D., Nelson, R., Sampat, B., Ziedonis, A. (2015).Ivory tower and industrial innovation: University-industry technology transfer before and after the Bayh-DoleAct.StanfordUniversityPress.https://books.google.co.in/books?hl=enlr=id=c17FBgAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PR7dq=Mowery,+D.,+Nelson,+R.,+Sampat,+B.,+%26+Ziedonis,+A.+(2015).+Ivory+tower+and+industrial+innovation:+University-industry+technology+transfer+before+and+after+the+Bayh-Dole+Act.+Stanford+University+Press.ots=WQ0o8aRUgOsig=iNQC6VJmVVjdpaBbgsNQVWAX-lg#v=onepageqf=false Rabindra, M. A., Pradhan, B., Nagendra, H. R. (2014). Effect of short-term yoga based stress management program on mood states of managers.International Journal of Education and Management Studies,4(2), 150. https://search.proquest.com/openview/e8e3cf0eec8b32c4f0385fef5113ed70/1?pq-origsite=gscholar Shea, T., De Cieri, H., Donohue, R., Cooper, B., Sheehan, C. (2016). Leading indicators of occupational health and safety: an employee and workplace level validation study.Safety science,85, 293-304. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753516000291 Singh, F. B., Kumar, B. (2016). Human Resource Accounting Practices in ONGC-An Appraisal.International Journal of Multifaceted and Multilingual Studies,3(4). https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15548627.2015.1100356 Singh, P. (2013). Compensation Management in Indian Central Public Sector Enterprises: Towards Performance Related Pay.International Journal of Management Prudence,5(1), 49. https://search.proquest.com/openview/edab639800956a557fdc9dddcdd79757/1?pq-origsite=gscholar Su, Z. (2013). Occupational health and safety legislation and implementation in China.International journal of occupational and environmental health. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/oeh.2003.9.4.302 Yan, T., Dooley, K. (2014). Buyersupplier collaboration quality in new product development projects.Journal of Supply Chain Management,50(2), 59-83. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jscm.12032/abstract;jsessionid=CCFD6C4CF4D085BD9B9045FEF528445D.f04t02?userIsAuthenticated=falsedeniedAccessCustomisedMessage=

Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin Essay Example

Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin Essay Kohat-Potwar Oil and Gas Exploration and Production The first oil well drilled in present-day Pakistan was at Kundal on the Potwar Plateau in 1866. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Greater Indus Basin in 1914 when the Attock Oil Company completed a 214 ft well on a thrust-faulted anticline near Khaur on the Potwar Plateau (Khan and others, 1986). Early success in the Kohat-Potwar geologic province served to focus much of the early exploration activity in that area. The Sui field in the Sulaiman-Kirthar Foreland geologic province was the first discovery outside of the Kohat-Potwar geologic province and is the largest gas discovery in Pakistan, with more than 5 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas reserves. Discovered in 1952, the Sui field is a dome-shaped reef structure with an anticlinal surface expression. The largest reserves were found in the 625 m thick Eocene Sui Formation Sui Main Limestone Member. The Sui Upper Limestone Member and upper Eocene Habib Rahi Limestone were also productive. In 1999, Upper Cretaceous Pab Sandstone Formation gas production began at Sui field. Although exploratory wells had been previously drilled in the Middle and Lower Indus Basins, the discovery of the Sui field accelerated exploration efforts in the 1950s. More discoveries followed in that area with the Zin gas field in 1954, the Uch gas field in 1955, and the Mari gas field in 1957. Exploration activity increased again in the 1980s, when identification of a tilted fault block in the Lower Indus Basin led to the discovery of a series of oil fields. Although there have been significant oil discoveries in the Lower Indus Basin, it remains a gas-prone province. We will write a custom essay sample on Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gas discoveries that are attributed to the Sembar-Goru/Ghazij TPS have been made in Eocene, Paleocene, and Lower Cretaceous rocks on the Mari-Kandhot High in the Rajasthan Province of India. The Cambrian oil discoveries in Rajasthan, however, are beyond the extent of Sembar deposition and are either sourced by updip hydrocarbon migration from the Sembar or more likely by proximal older Mesozoic and early Paleozoic rocks. Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System The Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System (TPS) as defined for this assessment, is a north-south elongated area extending from the Potwar-Kohat geologic province in the north to the 2,000 m bathymetric contour in the Arabian Sea . The west boundary coincides with the axial belt and western edge of the Indian plate and the eastern boundary extends into India on the Indian Shield . Geochemical analyses of potential source rocks and produced oil and gas have demonstrated that the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation is the most likely source of oil and gas for most of the producing fields in the Indus Basin. Source Rocks While the Sembar has been identified as the primary source rock for much of the Greater Indus Basin, there are other known and potential source rocks. Rock units containing known or potential source rocks include the Salt Range Formation Eocambrian shales, Permian Dandot and Tredian Formations, Triassic Wulgai Formation, Jurassic Datta Formation, Paleocene Patala Formation, Eocene Ghazij Formation, and lower Miocene shales. Of all the possible source rocks in the Indus Basin, however, the Sembar is the most likely source for the largest portion of the produced oil and gas in the Indus foreland. In the Kohat-Potwar geologic province the Paleocene Patala Shale is the primary source rock for most, if not all of the province. In the offshore areas of the Indus geologic province, Miocene rocks are postulated to be good hydrocarbon sources, with the Sembar contributing in the shelf area. The Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation consists mainly of shale with subordinate amounts of siltstone and sandstone. The Sembar was deposited over most of the Greater Indus Basin in marine environments and ranges in thickness from 0 to more than 260 m (Iqbal and Shah, 1980). Rock-eval pyrolysis analyses of 10 samples from the Jandran-1 well in the Sulaiman Range of the foldbelt, indicate an   most likely prove to be gas prone. verage total organic carbon content (TOC) of 1. 10 percent. The TOC values from the Sembar in two Badin area wells in the foreland portion of the Lower Indus Basin have TOC’s ranging from 0. 5 to 3. 5 percent and averaging about 1. 4 percent. A cross-plot of pyrolysis data on a modified van-Kreveln diagram study indicates that the organic matter in the Sembar is mainly type-III kerogen, capabl e of generating gas; however, additional proprietary data indicate the presence of type-II kerogen as well as type-III kerogen. With respect to the oil window (0. 6 1. 3 percent vitrinite reflectance), the Sembar ranges from thermally immature to over mature . The Sembar is more thermally mature in the western, more deeply buried part of the shelf and becomes shallower and less mature toward the eastern edge of the Indus Basin   Conclusive geochemical data supporting a Sembar source for most of the produced oil and gas in the Indus Basin are lacking; however, limited available geochemical and thermal data favor a Sembar source. To date, the only oil-productive regions in the Greater Indus Basin are the Potwar Plateau in the north and the Badin area in the Lower Indus Basin. Cross-plots of the carbon isotope ratios and the isoprenoid ratios of produced oils in these two regions are distinctly different , indicating two different source rocks. Gas content varies throughout the basin with CO2 ranging from lt; 1 percent to gt;70 percent, nitrogen lt; 1 percent to gt; 80 percent, and H2S lt; 0. percent to gt; 13 percent (IHS Energy Group, 2001). Reservoirs Productive reservoirs in the Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite TPS include the Cambrian Jodhpur Formation; Jurassic Chiltan, Samana Suk, and Shinawari Formations; Cretaceous Sembar, Goru, Lumshiwal, Moghal Kot, Parh, and Pab Formations; Paleocene Dungan Formation and Ranikot Group; and the Eocene Sui, Kirthar, Sakesar, Bandah, Khuiala, Nammal, and Ghazij Formations . The principal reservoirs are deltaic and shallow-marine sandstones in the lower part of the Goru in the Lower Indus Basin and the Lumshiwal Formation in the Middle Indus Basin and limestones in the Eocene Ghazij and equivalent stratigraphic units . Potential reservoirs are as thick as 400 m. Sandstone porosities are as high as 30 percent, but more commonly range from about 12 to 16 percent; and limestone porosities range from 9 to 16 percent. The permeability of these reservoirs ranges from 1 to gt; 2,000 milidarcies (md). Reservoir quality generally diminishes in a westward direction but reservoir thickness increases. Because of the progressive eastward erosion and truncation of Cretaceous rocks, the Cretaceous reservoirs all have erosional updip limits, whereas Tertiary reservoirs extend farther east overlying progressively older rocks. Traps All production in the Indus Basin is from structural traps. No stratigraphic accumulations have been identified, although the giant Sui gas field is a dome-shaped reef structure (possibly an algal mound) expressed on the surface as an anticline. The variety of structural traps includes anticlines, thrust-faulted anticlines, and tilted fault blocks. The anticlines and thrusted anticlines occur in the foreland portions of the Greater Indus Basin as a consequence of compression related to collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The tilted fault traps in the Lower Indus Basin are a product of extension related to rifting and the formation of horst and graben structures. The temporal relationships among trap formation and hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, migration, and entrapment are variable throughout the Greater Indus Basin. In the foreland portion, formation of structural traps pre-date hydrocarbon generation, especially in the Lower Indus Basin. In the Middle and Upper Indus Basins, traps may also have formed prior to hydrocarbon generation, although the temporal relationships between trap formation and hydrocarbon generation are not as distinct as in the Lower Indus Basin. The structural deformation in the foldbelt region is generally contemporaneous with hydrocarbon generation, suggesting that some of the hydrocarbons generated from the Sembar probably leaked to the surface prior to trap formation. Burial history reconstructions based on data from the Sakhi-Sarwar no. 1 well , located in the foreland part of the Middle Indus Basin, and the Shahdapur no. 1 well, located in the foreland part of Lower Indus Basin, indicate that hydrocarbon generation began 40 and 65 Ma, respectively . The main differences in the hydrocarbon generation times between these wells are due to large differences in the thermal gradients; the present-day thermal gradient in the Sakhi-Sarwar well is 2. 6 °C/km as opposed to 3. 3 °C/km in the Shahdapur well. We interpret the critical moments for these wells at about 15 and 50 Ma, respectively. Based on these reconstructions, trap formation may have postdated the start of hydrocarbon generation in the foreland portion of the Indus Basin. Seals The known seals in the system are composed of shales that are interbedded with and overlying the reservoirs. In producing fields, thin shale beds of variable thickness are effective seals. Additional seals that may be effective include impermeable seals above truncation traps, faults, and updip facies changes. Overburden Rock The rocks overlying the Sembar are composed of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and conglomerate. The maximum thickness of these overlying rocks is estimated to be as much as 8,500 m in the Sulaiman foredeep area . In the foredeep areas immediately adjacent to the front of the foldbelt parts of the Indus Basin, the overburden thickness ranges from 2,500 m to 6,000 m. East of the foredeep, overburden rocks thin as Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks are progressively truncated. Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin Essay Example Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin Essay Kohat-Potwar Oil and Gas Exploration and Production The first oil well drilled in present-day Pakistan was at Kundal on the Potwar Plateau in 1866. The first commercial oil discovery was made in the Greater Indus Basin in 1914 when the Attock Oil Company completed a 214 ft well on a thrust-faulted anticline near Khaur on the Potwar Plateau (Khan and others, 1986). Early success in the Kohat-Potwar geologic province served to focus much of the early exploration activity in that area. The Sui field in the Sulaiman-Kirthar Foreland geologic province was the first discovery outside of the Kohat-Potwar geologic province and is the largest gas discovery in Pakistan, with more than 5 trillion cubic feet (TCF) of gas reserves. Discovered in 1952, the Sui field is a dome-shaped reef structure with an anticlinal surface expression. The largest reserves were found in the 625 m thick Eocene Sui Formation Sui Main Limestone Member. The Sui Upper Limestone Member and upper Eocene Habib Rahi Limestone were also productive. In 1999, Upper Cretaceous Pab Sandstone Formation gas production began at Sui field. Although exploratory wells had been previously drilled in the Middle and Lower Indus Basins, the discovery of the Sui field accelerated exploration efforts in the 1950s. More discoveries followed in that area with the Zin gas field in 1954, the Uch gas field in 1955, and the Mari gas field in 1957. Exploration activity increased again in the 1980s, when identification of a tilted fault block in the Lower Indus Basin led to the discovery of a series of oil fields. Although there have been significant oil discoveries in the Lower Indus Basin, it remains a gas-prone province. We will write a custom essay sample on Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Petroleum and Middle Indus Basin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Gas discoveries that are attributed to the Sembar-Goru/Ghazij TPS have been made in Eocene, Paleocene, and Lower Cretaceous rocks on the Mari-Kandhot High in the Rajasthan Province of India. The Cambrian oil discoveries in Rajasthan, however, are beyond the extent of Sembar deposition and are either sourced by updip hydrocarbon migration from the Sembar or more likely by proximal older Mesozoic and early Paleozoic rocks. Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System The Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite Total Petroleum System (TPS) as defined for this assessment, is a north-south elongated area extending from the Potwar-Kohat geologic province in the north to the 2,000 m bathymetric contour in the Arabian Sea . The west boundary coincides with the axial belt and western edge of the Indian plate and the eastern boundary extends into India on the Indian Shield . Geochemical analyses of potential source rocks and produced oil and gas have demonstrated that the Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation is the most likely source of oil and gas for most of the producing fields in the Indus Basin. Source Rocks While the Sembar has been identified as the primary source rock for much of the Greater Indus Basin, there are other known and potential source rocks. Rock units containing known or potential source rocks include the Salt Range Formation Eocambrian shales, Permian Dandot and Tredian Formations, Triassic Wulgai Formation, Jurassic Datta Formation, Paleocene Patala Formation, Eocene Ghazij Formation, and lower Miocene shales. Of all the possible source rocks in the Indus Basin, however, the Sembar is the most likely source for the largest portion of the produced oil and gas in the Indus foreland. In the Kohat-Potwar geologic province the Paleocene Patala Shale is the primary source rock for most, if not all of the province. In the offshore areas of the Indus geologic province, Miocene rocks are postulated to be good hydrocarbon sources, with the Sembar contributing in the shelf area. The Lower Cretaceous Sembar Formation consists mainly of shale with subordinate amounts of siltstone and sandstone. The Sembar was deposited over most of the Greater Indus Basin in marine environments and ranges in thickness from 0 to more than 260 m (Iqbal and Shah, 1980). Rock-eval pyrolysis analyses of 10 samples from the Jandran-1 well in the Sulaiman Range of the foldbelt, indicate an   most likely prove to be gas prone. verage total organic carbon content (TOC) of 1. 10 percent. The TOC values from the Sembar in two Badin area wells in the foreland portion of the Lower Indus Basin have TOC’s ranging from 0. 5 to 3. 5 percent and averaging about 1. 4 percent. A cross-plot of pyrolysis data on a modified van-Kreveln diagram study indicates that the organic matter in the Sembar is mainly type-III kerogen, capabl e of generating gas; however, additional proprietary data indicate the presence of type-II kerogen as well as type-III kerogen. With respect to the oil window (0. 6 1. 3 percent vitrinite reflectance), the Sembar ranges from thermally immature to over mature . The Sembar is more thermally mature in the western, more deeply buried part of the shelf and becomes shallower and less mature toward the eastern edge of the Indus Basin   Conclusive geochemical data supporting a Sembar source for most of the produced oil and gas in the Indus Basin are lacking; however, limited available geochemical and thermal data favor a Sembar source. To date, the only oil-productive regions in the Greater Indus Basin are the Potwar Plateau in the north and the Badin area in the Lower Indus Basin. Cross-plots of the carbon isotope ratios and the isoprenoid ratios of produced oils in these two regions are distinctly different , indicating two different source rocks. Gas content varies throughout the basin with CO2 ranging from lt; 1 percent to gt;70 percent, nitrogen lt; 1 percent to gt; 80 percent, and H2S lt; 0. percent to gt; 13 percent (IHS Energy Group, 2001). Reservoirs Productive reservoirs in the Sembar-Goru/Ghazij Composite TPS include the Cambrian Jodhpur Formation; Jurassic Chiltan, Samana Suk, and Shinawari Formations; Cretaceous Sembar, Goru, Lumshiwal, Moghal Kot, Parh, and Pab Formations; Paleocene Dungan Formation and Ranikot Group; and the Eocene Sui, Kirthar, Sakesar, Bandah, Khuiala, Nammal, and Ghazij Formations . The principal reservoirs are deltaic and shallow-marine sandstones in the lower part of the Goru in the Lower Indus Basin and the Lumshiwal Formation in the Middle Indus Basin and limestones in the Eocene Ghazij and equivalent stratigraphic units . Potential reservoirs are as thick as 400 m. Sandstone porosities are as high as 30 percent, but more commonly range from about 12 to 16 percent; and limestone porosities range from 9 to 16 percent. The permeability of these reservoirs ranges from 1 to gt; 2,000 milidarcies (md). Reservoir quality generally diminishes in a westward direction but reservoir thickness increases. Because of the progressive eastward erosion and truncation of Cretaceous rocks, the Cretaceous reservoirs all have erosional updip limits, whereas Tertiary reservoirs extend farther east overlying progressively older rocks. Traps All production in the Indus Basin is from structural traps. No stratigraphic accumulations have been identified, although the giant Sui gas field is a dome-shaped reef structure (possibly an algal mound) expressed on the surface as an anticline. The variety of structural traps includes anticlines, thrust-faulted anticlines, and tilted fault blocks. The anticlines and thrusted anticlines occur in the foreland portions of the Greater Indus Basin as a consequence of compression related to collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The tilted fault traps in the Lower Indus Basin are a product of extension related to rifting and the formation of horst and graben structures. The temporal relationships among trap formation and hydrocarbon generation, expulsion, migration, and entrapment are variable throughout the Greater Indus Basin. In the foreland portion, formation of structural traps pre-date hydrocarbon generation, especially in the Lower Indus Basin. In the Middle and Upper Indus Basins, traps may also have formed prior to hydrocarbon generation, although the temporal relationships between trap formation and hydrocarbon generation are not as distinct as in the Lower Indus Basin. The structural deformation in the foldbelt region is generally contemporaneous with hydrocarbon generation, suggesting that some of the hydrocarbons generated from the Sembar probably leaked to the surface prior to trap formation. Burial history reconstructions based on data from the Sakhi-Sarwar no. 1 well , located in the foreland part of the Middle Indus Basin, and the Shahdapur no. 1 well, located in the foreland part of Lower Indus Basin, indicate that hydrocarbon generation began 40 and 65 Ma, respectively . The main differences in the hydrocarbon generation times between these wells are due to large differences in the thermal gradients; the present-day thermal gradient in the Sakhi-Sarwar well is 2. 6 °C/km as opposed to 3. 3 °C/km in the Shahdapur well. We interpret the critical moments for these wells at about 15 and 50 Ma, respectively. Based on these reconstructions, trap formation may have postdated the start of hydrocarbon generation in the foreland portion of the Indus Basin. Seals The known seals in the system are composed of shales that are interbedded with and overlying the reservoirs. In producing fields, thin shale beds of variable thickness are effective seals. Additional seals that may be effective include impermeable seals above truncation traps, faults, and updip facies changes. Overburden Rock The rocks overlying the Sembar are composed of sandstone, siltstone, shale, limestone, and conglomerate. The maximum thickness of these overlying rocks is estimated to be as much as 8,500 m in the Sulaiman foredeep area . In the foredeep areas immediately adjacent to the front of the foldbelt parts of the Indus Basin, the overburden thickness ranges from 2,500 m to 6,000 m. East of the foredeep, overburden rocks thin as Cretaceous and Paleocene rocks are progressively truncated.