Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Essays (1004 words) -

Experiences Of Huckleberry Finn Experiences of Huckleberry Finn All kids have an extraordinary spot, regardless of whether picked by a cognizant choice or not this is where one can go to sort their considerations. Nature can regularly give comfort by giving a sustaining encompassing where a kid is compelled to search inside and decisions can be made untainted by society. Imprint Twain once said Don't let school hinder your training. Twain expresses that this training which is given by society, can really upset human development and development. Albeit conventional training shouldn't be totally avoided, maybe evident beneficial experience, in the public eye and nature, are a key piece of improvement. In the novel Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain tosses the inquisitive yet blameless psyche of Huck Finn out into a deceptive, critical, and antagonistic world, yet Huck has one getaway - the Mississippi River continually streaming close by. Here nature is introduced as an interesting situation when experienced alone. The stream is tranquil an d serene spot where Huck can return to inspect any pickle he may end up in: They went off, and I got on board the pontoon, feeling awful and low?Then I thought a moment, and says to myself, hang on,- s'pose you'd a done right and surrender Jim; OK felt better than you do now? No, says I, I'd feel awful? (p.127). Just half a month with Jim and as yet feeling extraordinary irresoluteness, Huck comes back to the stream to think. Twain attempts here to tell the peruser how solid the crowd truly is, and just when absolutely alone is Huck ready to settle on the ethically right choice. The common streaming and quiet of the waterway cause this profound idea, appear! ing how unnatural the aggregate idea of a general public can be. The biggest and most evident trial of Huck's character is his relationship with Jim. The companionship and help which he provides for Jim go totally against all that sivilization has shown him; from the start this idea inconveniences Huck and causes him a lot of to rment, however after some time, through his background and imparted times to Jim, Huck goes too far maintained by the bigot South and comes to know Jim as an individual. Huck is at a point in his life where assessments are framed, and by developing on the stream, Huck can remain once more from society and structure his own. In the long run he ventures to chance his life for Jim:And got to thinking about our outing down the stream; and I see Jim before me, constantly, in the day, and in the evening time, in some cases moonlight, in some cases tempests, and we a coasting along, talking, and singing, and giggling. Be that as it may, some way or another I was unable to see no spots to solidify me against him, yet just the other kind?I examined brief kind of holding my breath, and afterward I s! ays to myself: 'Good, at that point, I'll get lost'? (pp.270-271). After a long and intriguing experience, Huck comes back to the pontoon one last an ideal opportunity to choose the destiny of hi s companion. Emblematically, Huck settles on the ethically right choice away from all others, thinking on the waterway. In spite of the fact that it probably won't be apparent to himself, Huck makes the peruser see that sivilization, in their treatment of blacks particularly, isn't edified in any way. Each individual Huck and Jim go over appears to simply be tailing another person indiscriminately, as the entire nation were a type of crowd. In the last not many parts, Tom Sawyer is re-presented and the peruser is left to look at how changed conditions: sivilization and nature (the stream), have influenced the kids' development. It is unmistakably apparent that Huck has ended up being the one with a reasonable and shrewd brain, and Tom, in spite of the fact that he can spew useless realities about Louis XVI and Henry VIII, gives no genuine indication of development. The first occasion when I catched up to Tom, private, I asked him what was his thought, time of the avoidance?- what it was he intended to do if the avoidance turned out to be OK and he figured out how to set a nigger free that was at that point free previously? What's more, he stated, what he had arranged in his

Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Capstone - Essay Example In like manner, the organization’s statement of purpose additionally tends to the foundation of prosperous and helpful associations with both inward and outer gatherings that are related with the exercises of the business, for example, its workers, providers and different accomplices (FedEx Corporation 2013a). Not exclusively does the statement of purpose of the organization portray the organization’s responsibility towards its essential partners however it additionally gives a guide to the administration and the representatives with regards to how FedEx Corporation means to lead its business exercises. As showed by the definition of the organization’s statement of purpose, the vision proclamation and statement of purpose of an organization frequently speak to messages or implications that are very much the same while in different situations; the vision articulation depicts a company’s goals or what it plans to accomplish later on (Secord 2003). As per Fed Ex Corporation (2013a) the association means to serve its clients in the most ideal way by recognizing the restrictive prerequisites of each market section. The nearness of this provision in the organization’s statement of purpose has been the driver of FedEx Corporation’s effective support of its worldwide customer base which showcases shifting needs. For instance, the commencement of takeovers in nations, for example, Brazil, Mexico and India in the ongoing years has been incited by the organization’s commitment to â€Å"accommodate advancing client needs† (FedEx Corporation 2012). 2. Dissect the five (5) powers of rivalry to decide how they sway the organization. Porter’s Five Forces model works as a successful and far reaching system for distinguishing, examining and assessing the potential chances and dangers to an organization which are presented by different serious powers inside the business (Hill and Jones 2007). Based on this comprehensio n, the system diagrams five key zones of rivalry that assume a key job in the plan and execution of procedures to viably address the sketched out dangers and effectively exploit openings. Haggling Power of Suppliers The idea of FedEx Corporation’s exercises and the size of its activities requests standard connection with a few providers that are situated over the globe. The company’s providers are recognized as fuel providers, makers of delivery materials and plane makers (Berger 2011). Berger (2011) states that predominant fuel providers order solid dealing control over the association due to the inaccessibility of substitutes which significantly restrains the organization’s capacity to participate in fruitful exchanges so as to bring down working costs. So also, the airplane fabricating industry shows an oligopolistic circumstance with Boeing and Airbus being the essential providers of airplanes which loans noteworthy dealing capacity to the makers (Berger 201 1). As opposed to this perception, Berger (2011) recognizes that makers of delivery materials show just constrained bartering power in light of the fact that FedEx Corporation has the alternative of picking its assigned providers among a few organizations in a market that is profoundly serious. Bartering Power of Buyers Hill and Jones (2007) remark that haggling intensity of purchasers is liable to change according to the adjustments in the outside condition. On account of FedEx Corpora

Florida, complete

Florida, complete Im back in Boston now, my meetings in Florida being done. It was quite a trip! We left off in Miami, where I had a great meeting before a packed house. I also got some recommendations for yummy Cuban food on Calle Ocho, in Miamis Little Havana. The Cuban sampler at Versailles Restaurant Bakery in Miami. After Miami, it was off to Floridas Gulf Coast, where I was due to do a meeting in Tampa. Like in Orlando and Miami, I had the opportunity to meet and dine with the Tampa Bay-area Educational Counselors (ECs) before the Central Meeting. The Tampa ECs and I dining at Charleys Steakhouse. At right, Regional Chair Lauralee Grizzaffi 91. Folks came to the meeting from far and wide, such as Tallahassee (thanks Melissa!), Gainesville, and Naples (including Mike others from Gulf Coast HS). The 300+ person crowd in Tampa. Overall, I saw more than 1200 people at 4 meetings across the state of Florida. I met many great students and had some great conversations with our ECs. It was my first time in South Florida and Floridas Gulf Coast. I really enjoyed my time there, and hope to visit again soon. Even though Im home now, I head right back to Tampa on Thursday to attend and present at the national conference of the National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC). Not too long after that, Im off to Southern California for more Central Meetings its a busy time! While I am back in Boston, look for my next few entries to talk about stuff happenning on campus. On that note, today is the opening day for Overnight Program registration. On your MyMIT portal, in the orange box on the left there is an Overnight Program link. Clicking on this will allow you to register to come to campus and stay overnight with an MIT student, go to classes, eat in the dining halls, etc. If you are interested, check it out!

Meet Janus, Father of Zeus and Roman Original

Janus is an ancient Roman, a composite god who is associated with doorways, beginnings, and transitions. A usually two-faced god, he looks to both the future and the past at the same time, embodying a binary. The concept of the month of January (the beginning of one year and the ending of the end) is both based on aspects of Janus. Plutarch writes in his Life of Numa: For this Janus, in remote antiquity, whether he was a demi-god or a king, was a patron of civil and social order, and is said to have lifted human life out of its bestial and savage state. For this reason he is represented with two faces, implying that he brought mens lives out of one sort and condition into another. In his Fasti, Ovid dubs this god two-headed Janus, an opener of the softly gliding year.  Hes a god of many different names and many different jobs, a unique individual the Romans regarded as fascinating even in their own time, as Ovid notes: But what god am I to say thou art, Janus of double-shape? for Greece hath no divinity like thee. The reason, too, unfold why alone of all the heavenly one thou doest see both back and front. He was also considered the guardian of peace, a time at which when the door to his shrine was closed. Honors The most famous temple to Janus in Rome is called the Ianus Geminus, or Twin Janus. When its doors were open, neighboring cities knew that Rome was at war. Plutarch quips: The latter was a difficult matter, and it rarely happened, since the realm was always engaged in some war, as its increasing size brought it into collision with the barbarous nations which encompassed it round about. When the two doors were closed, Rome was at peace. In his account of his accomplishments, Emperor Augustus says the gateway doors were closed only twice before him: by Numa (235 BCE) and Manlius (30 BCE), but Plutarch says, During the reign of Numa, however, it was not seen open for a single day, but remained shut for the space of forty-three years together, so complete and universal was the cessation of war. Augustus closed them three times: in 29 BCE after the Battle of Actium, in 25 BCE, and debated the third time. There were other temples for Janus, one on his hill, the Janiculum, and another built, in 260 at the Forum Holitorium, constructed by C. Duilius for a Punic War naval victory. Janus in Art Janus is usually shown with two faces, one looking forward and the other backward, as through a gateway. Sometimes one face is clean-shaven and the other bearded. Sometimes Janus is depicted with four faces overlooking four forums. He might hold a staff. The Family of Janus Camese, Jana, and Juturna were wives of Janus. Janus was the father of Tiberinus and Fontus. History of Janus Janus, the mythical ruler of Latium, was responsible for the Golden Age and brought money and agriculture to the area. He is associated with trade, streams, and springs. He could have been an early sky god.

Sociology - Child Centredness in Contemporary Families

Evaluate the view that contemporary families have become more child centred Firstly , child centred society is where children have become more valued and therefore focused on and protected. In this essay I will be evaluating the view that modern families have become more child centred. I will do this by including childhood in the past compared to childhood now , and how childhood has improved through rights and economic improvements and so on. Firstly , childhood is a phase of life between infancy and adulthood and can be said as a modern development as it didn’t develop in western society until the 16th and 17th centuries. For example , a historian Phillip Aries explained that in medieval times childhood did not exist as a separate†¦show more content†¦The same for any financial situation and money needs to be given to improve or sustain a child’s welfare. You could argue that the welfare state, has become a breadwinner for some families today and this has increased the child centeredness in modern families today. As there are provisions focused to care for children. In addition, the growing parental fears in society have caused parents to be more worried and cautious and even more protected over their children. As the increase in awareness that children are at risk of crime, assault and kidnapping by unknown people. Also due to increased road and train travel and traffic dangers, children are more likely to travel with their parents or carers. Rather than on their own. Secondly , to support that families have become more child centred is the children’s consumer market as children are now target audiences for many business such as , mother care , toys R Us , Nike , adidas and the music industry (especially) focus on the childhood market. Encouraging children to consume all of their products and parents to satisfy their children’s wants, this is â€Å"pester power†. Where the children pester their parents into buying them games, toys, music and so on. As the aim is to please the children, this would effectively say thatShow Mo reRelatedOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesin this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate Professor, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark McAuley et al.’s book is thought-provoking, witty and highly relevant for understanding contemporary organizational dilemmas. The book engages in an imaginative way with a wealth of organizational concepts and theories as well as provides insightful examples from the practical world of organizations. The authors’ sound scholarship and transparent

Fight Against World Poverty Free Essays

Fight Against World Poverty: How Markets and Governments Can Deal with Poverty (Author deleted) December 20, 2010 Introduction This paper presents the current thoughts on the fight against poverty, specifically the views of different economists on the role of markets and government on this issue. The discussion begins with Hazlitt’s ideas, based on the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Fight Against World Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now experience. It is then followed by the works of other key economists focusing mainly on the underdeveloped world. Lastly, some concluding opinions are offered. Reducing Poverty in the Developed WorldHazlitt (1973), in his book The Conquest of Poverty makes the case for free enterprise system (Capitalism) as the solution to poverty. [1] Through a thorough analysis, Hazlitt outlines various remedies that have already been tried and those that have been suggested for the future poverty relief in the United States. All these fixes translate into government interventions. The most common interventions discussed by the author are establishing minimum wage rates, creating labor unions, developing welfare programs and job programs, and redistributing income.In the book, and as discussed below, the author analyzes why each of these actions not only fails to reduce poverty, but actually worsen it. Minimum wage actually increases unemployment, and specially the unemployment of those that need the most, the unskilled workers. Why is that? Simply because by forcing the employer to pay a worker more than he/she is worth, it makes it unprofitable for empl oyers to hire those workers, and therefore forces them into unemployment. The minimum wage logic also applies to labor unions.Labor unions, without realizing it, are an anti-labor force. Wages, like any other price, are determined in the free market by supply and demand, and the demand for labor is determined by the labor productivity. Thus, if union wages exceed what employers consider to be the employees’ worth in productivity, the employers are forced to reduce the work force; otherwise, they would be employing them at a loss. So, as union wages are increased, there is a point where employers cannot afford them, and get rid of them.In situations where employers cannot reduce the work force because of labor agreements, eventually they will shut down the operation. In addition, it is only expected that the next marginal capital will either not be invested or will be invested where labor is cheaper. Thus, the bottom-line is that arbitrary labor wages, which typically are excessive, can only result in work reductions. Now, if instead the wages would be set by the market, the employers have an incentive to hire them, increasing employment.Welfare programs have continued to balloon exponentially since their inception, not only in number but also in cost. To appease the voters, government consistently enlarges these programs without regard to the consequences. Thus, they have led to higher taxes and chronic deficits because taxes have not been able to keep up with the cost of these programs, thus the government has had to resort to printing paper money, creating chronic inflation. These programs are like a chronic disease.Once on welfare, people typically stay on it. Moreover, those on unemployment compensation have little incentive to go back to work. Lastly, there is uncontrollable fraud and cheating among those on relief. Many feel that it is the government’s obligation to assure full employment. However, some degree of unemployment is always present in a dynamic economy, mainly as a result of shifts in product demands. Some industries are contracting while others are expanding, thus, some workers are laid off while others are hired.There are times, however, when significant unemployment happens, and typically, it is due to some type of the government action discussed above. Now, if the reason for unemployment is the normal downturn in the business cycle, government intervention by providing jobs to those displaced by the downturn will in essence prevent the natural adjustment of wage rates. This will in turn create an unbearable burden to the taxpayers, and the only way out would be further budget deficits and inflation.Thus, to assure that all these bad things do not happen, the author suggests that the situation be allowed to take its course in a natural manner. Demand and prices decrease will force the natural reduction in wages, which in turn will eventually result in an increase in employment. The idea of income redistribution has been proposed by some, especially those with socialistic tendencies. Any forced redistribution will create an environment where those receiving the guaranteed minimum income, whatever level it is, would have no incentive to work if it exceed what they could earn in the open market by working.And, there are a substantial number of people that even if they could earn a bit more would prefer to live in extreme poverty than to work. This problem gets worse the higher the income guarantee, as more people would see no reason to work. The above are the main actions that conflict with the function of a free competitive market in the U. S. ; and, according to the author, these actions must be removed since history has shown that it is the free competitive market that has been the driving force to reduce poverty in the Western world in the last two centuries.The government’s duties should be limited mainly to activities that protect private property, and the citizens’ safety (law enforcement); and to some degree, the preservation of the country infrastructure. However, Hazlitt recognizes the government’s need to provide adequate help to the poor to assure that they are not deprived from the minimum for their subsistence; but the government must be careful not to provide more than the absolutely necessary to prevent the needy from not working. Lastly, Hazlitt warns that it is only possible to conquer poverty, but not to eliminate it.This is because poverty is an individual issue; thus, it cannot b e stopped more than death can not be prevented. Hazlitt’s model is the capitalistic, laissez faire approach. Although the U. S. has not followed a pure capitalistic approach, as he claims, it represents one of the best models of a political system that has tried to comply with his philosophy. Given that, it is surprising that roughly 13 to 17% of Americans still live below the federal poverty line at any given point in time, and roughly 40% fall below the poverty line at some point within a 10-year time span. 2] Although these statistics are not encouraging, the author makes a convincing case against the other extreme, socialism, or total government control, and was undoubtedly proven right with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. A recent political movement, the Third Way, which attempts to take the positive things from both capitalism and socialism, led by world leaders such as Tony Blair and Bill Clinton is currently being discussed in the political arena as an alternative to mitigate some of the weaknesses of both sys tems, see Whyman (2010). So far the poverty discussion still goes on. Reducing Poverty in Underdeveloped World Hazlitt bases his government model on historical data in the US; thus, one should not automatically assume that it could also apply to the underdeveloped world. In fact, there are many different opinions on remedies for poor countries, which not only involve internal prescriptions, but also suggestions on the interaction between the underdeveloped and developed world, and the shape that foreign aid should take. A summary of some of the most significant views are described below.Easterly (2008) takes Hazlitt’s views and using Hayek’s thoughts of the market process describes his approach to poor nations as follows: To conquer poverty, the creativity and spontaneity of market participants create the most effective system. This is an unpredictable bottoms up process that happens without any central organization intervening and it cannot be dictated from the top, as organizations like IMF a nd World Bank attempt to impose without much knowledge of the country’s local culture, issues, etc.The author explains that where the government political system allows it, the free market is able to produce the big hits in the export markets that have historically helped create wealth in poor countries. Examples are the great success in Kenya exporting cut flowers, or cotton suits in Fiji, both very much unpredicted before the businesses started. Studies have shown that capital income is highly correlated with economic and political liberty; it is liberty that causes prosperity. Therefore, the solution to poverty is to let the market act freely, without government interference.Why, then, it is so hard to convince the world of this fact and the developed world’s approach continues to impose failed tops down solutions? Because growth rates are so volatile in these countries, even for periods lasting a decade, that anyone with a specific agenda can as easily use data to prove that either liberty or the lack of it is the key success factor. O’Rourke (1998) agrees with Easterly. After visiting countries like Albania, Sweden, Russia, Tanzania, and Cuba, he concluded that it is the suppression of individual liberties that creates poverty.His view is that wealth can only be cr eated when there is enough production of goods and services, and this can only occur when there are incentives, which can only exist in an environment of liberty. Similar thoughts are offered by Ravier (2009). Referring to Hayek’s work, he states that globalization, an important element of free and voluntary trade, creates wealth and peace among the nations. De Soto (nd), another free market economist, in his book, The Other Path,[3] focuses on private property, and more specifically, the lack of government protection of property belonging to the poor as a key issue that keeps them in poverty.As a case in point, property, owned by the poor of Peru for generations, is very rarely legally registered, preventing this extremely important them from gaining a meaningful presence in the market, and without it, any possibility of acquiring wealth. [4] The point is that as long as the poor are not part of the legal market economy, the nation cannot extract itself from poverty, and in most underdeveloped countries, the poor remains outside the system all together.The elite minority enjoys all the benefits of the legal system and prospers, while t he poor cannot, and stay in poverty. In Peru, where De Soto’s work is conducted, in order to survive, to protect their assets, and to do as much business as possible, the poor create their own rules, but operate outside the formal system, with all its inefficiencies, shortcomings, etc. Since this group constitutes a large percent of the country’s population, this problem severely impacts the society at large. The issue, according to De Soto, is worldwide among underdeveloped countries.He estimates that about US$ 10 trillion of dead capital could be put to use should the properties be properly legalized. Reinert (2007) and Chang (2008) consent with the above authors’ positions on liberty and private property; however, they add limited protectionism to the box of solutions, at least until these underdeveloped countries can face global competition. They explain their case as follows: To reduce poverty, sustained growth is necessary and it can only be delivered through industrialization. Why?Reinert explains that activities like agriculture, so predominant in poor countries, are subject to diminishing returns, while manufacturing is subject to increasing return. As an example, should country X decide to be in the carrot business, after all the ideal land for carrot production is used, any additional, and not as good land will become more expensive to use, increasing the production cost without any compensation for it in the market. This is not the case for manufacturing, where any addition unit being sold reduced the marginal cost and increases the return.Thus to grow, each country must choose an industrial path, then carefully nature it until it can compete in the world markets. This requires upgrading the relevant technological and managerial capabilities of the country, and while these efforts are pursued, the chosen industry/industries must be protected. Chang compares economic protectionism to the protection that parents must provide to their young children until they are old enough to face life by themselves. He claims that without this protection, these industries would have little chance to survive.He gives South Korea as a good example. Presenting South Korea as a model, Chang relates his own story: born in 1963 in one of the poorest countries in the world, while now it is one of the richest. He explains that during the years between the 1960s and the 1980s, when the major industrialization took place in South Korea, traditional economists would have the world believe that neo-liberal strategies were the reason. [5] However, according to Chang, Korea nurtured the new industries through tariff protection, subsidies, and other forms of government support.The banks were owned by the government, thus the flow of credit was all under its control, and further, some of the model industries were even owned by the government. [6] Its economy was based on export; however, Chang explains that this did not necessarily require free trade. Japan and China prove that. Both authors warn that free trade is only suitable for countries at the same level of development, meaning that poor countries should hold some sort of protectionism until they can fully compete.Chang reminds the reader that South Korea is not a unique case, he claims that practically all of today’s developed countr ies, including Britain and the U. S. , at one time or another, were forced to follow policies that go against neo-liberal economics. Conclusions Although, there is enough disagreement on how to conquer poverty, there is no question that the economists agree on at least two basic points are of paramount importance, the need for a free market and government protection of private property.Beyond that, one thing is clear, the struggle to reduce poverty is still very much an unresolved issue, and the solutions are highly debatable, may be because each country presents a different challenge, a unique culture with different internal considerations, needing different medicine. References Chang, Ho-Joon (2008). Bad Samaritans. Bloomsbury Press, New York. De Soto, H (no date). Commanding Heights, PBS interview. Retrieved Oct 10, 2010 from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/int_hernandodesoto. pdf Easterly, W. (2008). Hayek vs.The Development Experts. Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Retrieved Oct 10, 2010 from http://www. manhattan-institute. org/html/hayek2008. htm Hazlitt, Henry (1973). The Conquest of Poverty. Arlington House, New Rochelle, N. Y. O’Rourke, P. J. (1998). Eat the Rich, Atlantic Monthly Press, N. Y. Ravier, Adrian (2009). Globalization and Peace: A Hayekian Perspective. Libertarian Papers, Vol. 1, Art. No. 10. Reinert, E. (2007). How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor. Constable, UK. Whyman, P. (2010). Third Way Economics. Palgrave McMillan.Retrieved October 10, 2010 from http://www. palgrave. com/pdfs/1403920656. pdf ———————– [1] Hazlitt discussing poverty solutions states: Man throughout history has been searching for the cure for poverty, and all that time the cure has been before his eyes. Fortunately, as far at least as it applied to their actions as individuals, the majority of men instinctively recognized it—which was why they survived. That individual cure was Work and Saving. In terms of social organization, there evolved spontaneously from this, as a result of no one’s conscious planning, a ystem of division of labor, freedom of exchange, and economic cooperation, the outlines of which hardly became apparent to our forebears until two centuries ago. That system is now known either as Free Enterprise or as Capitalism, according as men wish to honor or disparage it. [2] Wikipedia. See http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States#cite_note-0 [3] See http://www. amazon. com/Other-Path-Economic-Answer-Terrorism/dp/0465016103 [4] Referring to the poor’s unregistered property, De Soto states: For it is in the legal system where property documents are created and standardized according to law.That documentation builds a public memory that permits society to engage in such crucial economic activities as identifying and gaining access to information about individuals, their assets, their titles, rights, charges and obligations; establishing the limits of liability for businesses; knowing an asset’s previous economic situation; assuring protection of third parties; and quantifying and valuing assets and rights.These public memory mechanisms in turn facilitate such opportunities as access to credit, the establishment of systems of identification, the creation of systems for credit and insurance information, the provision for housing and infrastructure, the issue of s hares, the mortgage of property, and a host of other economic activities that drive a modern market economy 5] Neo-liberalism  is a market-driven  approach based on neoclassical theories of economics  (aka  capitalism) that maximize the role of the private business sector in determining the political and economic priorities of the state. [6] Chang states: â€Å"The Korean economic miracle was the result of a clever and pragmatic mixture of market incentives and state direction† How to cite Fight Against World Poverty, Papers

Fight Against World Poverty Free Essays

Fight Against World Poverty: How Markets and Governments Can Deal with Poverty (Author deleted) December 20, 2010 Introduction This paper presents the current thoughts on the fight against poverty, specifically the views of different economists on the role of markets and government on this issue. The discussion begins with Hazlitt’s ideas, based on the U. S. We will write a custom essay sample on Fight Against World Poverty or any similar topic only for you Order Now experience. It is then followed by the works of other key economists focusing mainly on the underdeveloped world. Lastly, some concluding opinions are offered. Reducing Poverty in the Developed WorldHazlitt (1973), in his book The Conquest of Poverty makes the case for free enterprise system (Capitalism) as the solution to poverty. [1] Through a thorough analysis, Hazlitt outlines various remedies that have already been tried and those that have been suggested for the future poverty relief in the United States. All these fixes translate into government interventions. The most common interventions discussed by the author are establishing minimum wage rates, creating labor unions, developing welfare programs and job programs, and redistributing income.In the book, and as discussed below, the author analyzes why each of these actions not only fails to reduce poverty, but actually worsen it. Minimum wage actually increases unemployment, and specially the unemployment of those that need the most, the unskilled workers. Why is that? Simply because by forcing the employer to pay a worker more than he/she is worth, it makes it unprofitable for empl oyers to hire those workers, and therefore forces them into unemployment. The minimum wage logic also applies to labor unions.Labor unions, without realizing it, are an anti-labor force. Wages, like any other price, are determined in the free market by supply and demand, and the demand for labor is determined by the labor productivity. Thus, if union wages exceed what employers consider to be the employees’ worth in productivity, the employers are forced to reduce the work force; otherwise, they would be employing them at a loss. So, as union wages are increased, there is a point where employers cannot afford them, and get rid of them.In situations where employers cannot reduce the work force because of labor agreements, eventually they will shut down the operation. In addition, it is only expected that the next marginal capital will either not be invested or will be invested where labor is cheaper. Thus, the bottom-line is that arbitrary labor wages, which typically are excessive, can only result in work reductions. Now, if instead the wages would be set by the market, the employers have an incentive to hire them, increasing employment.Welfare programs have continued to balloon exponentially since their inception, not only in number but also in cost. To appease the voters, government consistently enlarges these programs without regard to the consequences. Thus, they have led to higher taxes and chronic deficits because taxes have not been able to keep up with the cost of these programs, thus the government has had to resort to printing paper money, creating chronic inflation. These programs are like a chronic disease.Once on welfare, people typically stay on it. Moreover, those on unemployment compensation have little incentive to go back to work. Lastly, there is uncontrollable fraud and cheating among those on relief. Many feel that it is the government’s obligation to assure full employment. However, some degree of unemployment is always present in a dynamic economy, mainly as a result of shifts in product demands. Some industries are contracting while others are expanding, thus, some workers are laid off while others are hired.There are times, however, when significant unemployment happens, and typically, it is due to some type of the government action discussed above. Now, if the reason for unemployment is the normal downturn in the business cycle, government intervention by providing jobs to those displaced by the downturn will in essence prevent the natural adjustment of wage rates. This will in turn create an unbearable burden to the taxpayers, and the only way out would be further budget deficits and inflation.Thus, to assure that all these bad things do not happen, the author suggests that the situation be allowed to take its course in a natural manner. Demand and prices decrease will force the natural reduction in wages, which in turn will eventually result in an increase in employment. The idea of income redistribution has been proposed by some, especially those with socialistic tendencies. Any forced redistribution will create an environment where those receiving the guaranteed minimum income, whatever level it is, would have no incentive to work if it exceed what they could earn in the open market by working.And, there are a substantial number of people that even if they could earn a bit more would prefer to live in extreme poverty than to work. This problem gets worse the higher the income guarantee, as more people would see no reason to work. The above are the main actions that conflict with the function of a free competitive market in the U. S. ; and, according to the author, these actions must be removed since history has shown that it is the free competitive market that has been the driving force to reduce poverty in the Western world in the last two centuries.The government’s duties should be limited mainly to activities that protect private property, and the citizens’ safety (law enforcement); and to some degree, the preservation of the country infrastructure. However, Hazlitt recognizes the government’s need to provide adequate help to the poor to assure that they are not deprived from the minimum for their subsistence; but the government must be careful not to provide more than the absolutely necessary to prevent the needy from not working. Lastly, Hazlitt warns that it is only possible to conquer poverty, but not to eliminate it.This is because poverty is an individual issue; thus, it cannot b e stopped more than death can not be prevented. Hazlitt’s model is the capitalistic, laissez faire approach. Although the U. S. has not followed a pure capitalistic approach, as he claims, it represents one of the best models of a political system that has tried to comply with his philosophy. Given that, it is surprising that roughly 13 to 17% of Americans still live below the federal poverty line at any given point in time, and roughly 40% fall below the poverty line at some point within a 10-year time span. 2] Although these statistics are not encouraging, the author makes a convincing case against the other extreme, socialism, or total government control, and was undoubtedly proven right with the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. A recent political movement, the Third Way, which attempts to take the positive things from both capitalism and socialism, led by world leaders such as Tony Blair and Bill Clinton is currently being discussed in the political arena as an alternative to mitigate some of the weaknesses of both sys tems, see Whyman (2010). So far the poverty discussion still goes on. Reducing Poverty in Underdeveloped World Hazlitt bases his government model on historical data in the US; thus, one should not automatically assume that it could also apply to the underdeveloped world. In fact, there are many different opinions on remedies for poor countries, which not only involve internal prescriptions, but also suggestions on the interaction between the underdeveloped and developed world, and the shape that foreign aid should take. A summary of some of the most significant views are described below.Easterly (2008) takes Hazlitt’s views and using Hayek’s thoughts of the market process describes his approach to poor nations as follows: To conquer poverty, the creativity and spontaneity of market participants create the most effective system. This is an unpredictable bottoms up process that happens without any central organization intervening and it cannot be dictated from the top, as organizations like IMF a nd World Bank attempt to impose without much knowledge of the country’s local culture, issues, etc.The author explains that where the government political system allows it, the free market is able to produce the big hits in the export markets that have historically helped create wealth in poor countries. Examples are the great success in Kenya exporting cut flowers, or cotton suits in Fiji, both very much unpredicted before the businesses started. Studies have shown that capital income is highly correlated with economic and political liberty; it is liberty that causes prosperity. Therefore, the solution to poverty is to let the market act freely, without government interference.Why, then, it is so hard to convince the world of this fact and the developed world’s approach continues to impose failed tops down solutions? Because growth rates are so volatile in these countries, even for periods lasting a decade, that anyone with a specific agenda can as easily use data to prove that either liberty or the lack of it is the key success factor. O’Rourke (1998) agrees with Easterly. After visiting countries like Albania, Sweden, Russia, Tanzania, and Cuba, he concluded that it is the suppression of individual liberties that creates poverty.His view is that wealth can only be cr eated when there is enough production of goods and services, and this can only occur when there are incentives, which can only exist in an environment of liberty. Similar thoughts are offered by Ravier (2009). Referring to Hayek’s work, he states that globalization, an important element of free and voluntary trade, creates wealth and peace among the nations. De Soto (nd), another free market economist, in his book, The Other Path,[3] focuses on private property, and more specifically, the lack of government protection of property belonging to the poor as a key issue that keeps them in poverty.As a case in point, property, owned by the poor of Peru for generations, is very rarely legally registered, preventing this extremely important them from gaining a meaningful presence in the market, and without it, any possibility of acquiring wealth. [4] The point is that as long as the poor are not part of the legal market economy, the nation cannot extract itself from poverty, and in most underdeveloped countries, the poor remains outside the system all together.The elite minority enjoys all the benefits of the legal system and prospers, while t he poor cannot, and stay in poverty. In Peru, where De Soto’s work is conducted, in order to survive, to protect their assets, and to do as much business as possible, the poor create their own rules, but operate outside the formal system, with all its inefficiencies, shortcomings, etc. Since this group constitutes a large percent of the country’s population, this problem severely impacts the society at large. The issue, according to De Soto, is worldwide among underdeveloped countries.He estimates that about US$ 10 trillion of dead capital could be put to use should the properties be properly legalized. Reinert (2007) and Chang (2008) consent with the above authors’ positions on liberty and private property; however, they add limited protectionism to the box of solutions, at least until these underdeveloped countries can face global competition. They explain their case as follows: To reduce poverty, sustained growth is necessary and it can only be delivered through industrialization. Why?Reinert explains that activities like agriculture, so predominant in poor countries, are subject to diminishing returns, while manufacturing is subject to increasing return. As an example, should country X decide to be in the carrot business, after all the ideal land for carrot production is used, any additional, and not as good land will become more expensive to use, increasing the production cost without any compensation for it in the market. This is not the case for manufacturing, where any addition unit being sold reduced the marginal cost and increases the return.Thus to grow, each country must choose an industrial path, then carefully nature it until it can compete in the world markets. This requires upgrading the relevant technological and managerial capabilities of the country, and while these efforts are pursued, the chosen industry/industries must be protected. Chang compares economic protectionism to the protection that parents must provide to their young children until they are old enough to face life by themselves. He claims that without this protection, these industries would have little chance to survive.He gives South Korea as a good example. Presenting South Korea as a model, Chang relates his own story: born in 1963 in one of the poorest countries in the world, while now it is one of the richest. He explains that during the years between the 1960s and the 1980s, when the major industrialization took place in South Korea, traditional economists would have the world believe that neo-liberal strategies were the reason. [5] However, according to Chang, Korea nurtured the new industries through tariff protection, subsidies, and other forms of government support.The banks were owned by the government, thus the flow of credit was all under its control, and further, some of the model industries were even owned by the government. [6] Its economy was based on export; however, Chang explains that this did not necessarily require free trade. Japan and China prove that. Both authors warn that free trade is only suitable for countries at the same level of development, meaning that poor countries should hold some sort of protectionism until they can fully compete.Chang reminds the reader that South Korea is not a unique case, he claims that practically all of today’s developed countr ies, including Britain and the U. S. , at one time or another, were forced to follow policies that go against neo-liberal economics. Conclusions Although, there is enough disagreement on how to conquer poverty, there is no question that the economists agree on at least two basic points are of paramount importance, the need for a free market and government protection of private property.Beyond that, one thing is clear, the struggle to reduce poverty is still very much an unresolved issue, and the solutions are highly debatable, may be because each country presents a different challenge, a unique culture with different internal considerations, needing different medicine. References Chang, Ho-Joon (2008). Bad Samaritans. Bloomsbury Press, New York. De Soto, H (no date). Commanding Heights, PBS interview. Retrieved Oct 10, 2010 from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/pdf/int_hernandodesoto. pdf Easterly, W. (2008). Hayek vs.The Development Experts. Manhattan Institute for Policy Research. Retrieved Oct 10, 2010 from http://www. manhattan-institute. org/html/hayek2008. htm Hazlitt, Henry (1973). The Conquest of Poverty. Arlington House, New Rochelle, N. Y. O’Rourke, P. J. (1998). Eat the Rich, Atlantic Monthly Press, N. Y. Ravier, Adrian (2009). Globalization and Peace: A Hayekian Perspective. Libertarian Papers, Vol. 1, Art. No. 10. Reinert, E. (2007). How Rich Countries Got Rich and Why Poor Countries Stay Poor. Constable, UK. Whyman, P. (2010). Third Way Economics. Palgrave McMillan.Retrieved October 10, 2010 from http://www. palgrave. com/pdfs/1403920656. pdf ———————– [1] Hazlitt discussing poverty solutions states: Man throughout history has been searching for the cure for poverty, and all that time the cure has been before his eyes. Fortunately, as far at least as it applied to their actions as individuals, the majority of men instinctively recognized it—which was why they survived. That individual cure was Work and Saving. In terms of social organization, there evolved spontaneously from this, as a result of no one’s conscious planning, a ystem of division of labor, freedom of exchange, and economic cooperation, the outlines of which hardly became apparent to our forebears until two centuries ago. That system is now known either as Free Enterprise or as Capitalism, according as men wish to honor or disparage it. [2] Wikipedia. See http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States#cite_note-0 [3] See http://www. amazon. com/Other-Path-Economic-Answer-Terrorism/dp/0465016103 [4] Referring to the poor’s unregistered property, De Soto states: For it is in the legal system where property documents are created and standardized according to law.That documentation builds a public memory that permits society to engage in such crucial economic activities as identifying and gaining access to information about individuals, their assets, their titles, rights, charges and obligations; establishing the limits of liability for businesses; knowing an asset’s previous economic situation; assuring protection of third parties; and quantifying and valuing assets and rights.These public memory mechanisms in turn facilitate such opportunities as access to credit, the establishment of systems of identification, the creation of systems for credit and insurance information, the provision for housing and infrastructure, the issue of s hares, the mortgage of property, and a host of other economic activities that drive a modern market economy 5] Neo-liberalism  is a market-driven  approach based on neoclassical theories of economics  (aka  capitalism) that maximize the role of the private business sector in determining the political and economic priorities of the state. [6] Chang states: â€Å"The Korean economic miracle was the result of a clever and pragmatic mixture of market incentives and state direction† How to cite Fight Against World Poverty, Papers

Major Purpose Of Project Methodology Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Major Purpose Of Project Methodology. Answer: Definition of Project Methodology Project methodology can be defined as the five major processes of management of project. As per Burke, 2013, the distinct five phases for managing any particular project are definition, planning, launching, management and shutting down. All of these five phases of project management usually address all the features for successfully managing the project from the first phase until the last. Project management is the proper application of several methodologies or methods, experience, processes, knowledge and even skills to achieve each and every objective of a project. According to Larson and Gray, 2013 this is the simplified practice of initiating, planning, completion, management and lastly ending the group work to attain some of the most important objectives and to meet the success of the project within provided deadline. A project can be defined as a temporary venture, which is designed for the production of a specific product or service. Any particular project comprises of a specif ic start as well as end points. Moreover, it is always time constrained and should be completed within time. Kerzner and Kerzner, 2017, state that technical skills and various management approaches are required for managing these types of projects. This management is called project management. As per Schwalbe, 2015, the major purpose of project methodology is the enabling of the procedure of management in a project by skills of problem solving as well as proper decision making. Sceptically, a project methodology gives a skeleton to describe each step of a project, so that the project manager could easily execute the work within provided time and budget. According to Burke, 2015, the most popular methodologies of project management include Waterfall, Scrum., Agile, PMBOK and PRINCE2. These methodologies are utilized by the manager of the project for completing the project successfully. Few problems are faced while utilizing these methodologies. The vital problem in the project management methodologies is that the guidelines should be followed at every step. When these guidelines are not followed, the methodologies do not work. There is an important role of project management methodology in the PLC. The various methodologies help a project manager in executing each and every process in the project. The significant service that the methodology of project management provides is Internet Technology (Schwalbe, 2015). Various guidelines and standards are solely provided by the methodologies of project management. These disciplines are exclusively required for successfully completing the project. Similarities and Differences between PRINCE2 and PMBOK PRINCE2 is a particular structured methodology of project management. It is completely based on processes and is thus utilized for perfect project management (Matos Lopes, 2013). PRINCE2 is a standard that is used by the government of UK and is widely recognized in all over the world. PMBOK or simply Project Management Body of Knowledge is the set of guidelines and fundamental resources of project management. This guide helps the project manager to attain the goals and objectives of a project. There are few similarities between PRINCE2 and PMBOK. They are given below: i) Handling of a Project: This is the first and the foremost similarity between PMBOK and PRINCE2. Both of these methodologies are utilized for handling each and every project that have the same characteristics simultaneously (Snyder, 2014). Moreover, any complex project can be easily handled and executed by these two methodologies. Both of these project methodologies help to accelerate the alterations and also to provide new deliverables in the projects. ii) Privacy and Security: This is the second similarity between PMBOK and PRINCE2. Both of these methodologies are extremely safe and secured and could be executed by all project managers (Snyder, 2014). Due to the excess security, these two methodologies are widely accepted by all project managers and in many organizations. iii) Cost Effectiveness: This is the third similarity between PRINCE2 and PMBOK (Kerzner Kerzner, 2017). These two methodologies are extremely cost effective and could be easily afforded by all. Furthermore, these two methodologies do not incur huge cost while applying. iv) Tools and Techniques: The fourth similarity between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that both of these methodologies provide a typical set of tools and techniques for the management of the project. The various differences between PMBOK and PRINCE2 are given below: i) Guidelines: The major difference between PMBOK and PRINCE2 is that PMBOK has certain guidelines for the project and thus the proper selection of techniques and tools is done by these guidelines. PRINCE2 methodology does not provide any particular guideline for its project managers. ii) Project Control: The second difference between PMBOK and PRINCE2 is that PMBOK guide do not any control on project and is unable to keep solid track. PRINCE2 methodology, on the other hand, has control over its project and reviews the project step by step (Matos Lopes, 2013). iii) Output: The third difference between PRINCE2 and PMBOK is that PMBOK cannot provide perfect output for the projects; whereas, PRINCE2 provides outputs to all projects. Relating PRINCE2 with PLC PRINCE2 methodology can be related to PLC (Burke, 2013). The major characteristics of PRINCE2 methodology can be described by two factors. They are given below: i) Managing by Steps: The most important characteristic of PRINCE2 methodology in PLC is that it is managed by steps. There are various projects that are exclusively bigger in size and these types of projects could not be managed without following steps (Turley, 2018). These steps help to divide the entire project into several stages and thus can be easily handled. ii) Project Procedures: There are total of seven procedures in PRINCE2 methodology and only three procedures could be completed out of them simultaneously. PRINCE2 methodology is always considered as one of the most important methodologies amongst the rest and the complexities of the entire project life cycle is reduced with the help of this (Turley, 2018). Moreover, due to the segregation of various steps, it does not require any other guidelines for understanding it. References Burke, R. (2013). Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Kerzner, H., Kerzner, H. R. (2017).Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Larson, E. W., Gray, C. (2013).Project management: The managerial process with MS project. McGraw-Hill. Matos, S., Lopes, E. (2013). Prince2 or PMBOKa question of choice.Procedia Technology,9, 787-794. Pinto, J. K. (2015).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Prentice Hall. Schwalbe, K. (2015).Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Snyder, C. S. (2014). A guide to the project management body of knowledge: PMBOK () guide.Project Management Institute: Newtown Square, PA, USA. Turley, F. (2018).PRINCE2 Foundation Training Manual. Van Haren.

War Of 1812 Worst Fought War Essays - War, Union,

War Of 1812 Worst Fought War A.P. History Essay on the War of 1812 The War of 1812 also know as The Second American War for Independance (Bailey pg. 233) was fought between the meeger forces of the American government and the supreme power of Great Britain. The war ended in 1815 with the treaty of Gehnt, this treaty wasnt really a treaty but an armastice or surrender of arms. The American military suffered from defeat after defeat during the begining of the war, these loses could be contributed to by the lack of citizen support in the time of war, also the lack in size and power of the American military. These factor validate the statement that the War of 1812 was the Worst fought American war. At the begining of the war America was fighting with Great Britain for regress of greivances such as forcefull impressment of sailors, and seizure of American cargos. Plus the extraction of British troups from the Ohio valley which was previously promised in two former treaties, Jays treaty and the Treaty of Paris. The regress of grievances was just a stepping stone for American ambition, after the start of the war Americans thought wouldnt it be great if we could add Canada and Spanish Florida to our ever expanding bounderies. But the backing of the war wasnt there politicaly the northern merchants were affraid of the deletion of trade options with Britain because of the war. The southern farmers were also against the war because Britain was there main purchaser of cotton and indigo. On the other hand you have to Backcountry farmers who need more room to expand there farms or find better soil for crops who wanted to the war to expand there expansion areas. Support also came from the deep southern farmers who wanted Florida for there own. The ideas between both of these groups created political disunity between the states, making them quarel among themselves weakening the national government. As we travel back a little in time we come to Jefferson's administration, he beleived in a week national government which also meant a week army. It is common sense that a week army cant defend a nation of mass proportions against a large army. Since the American army had been reduced by the Anti Federalist presidents, the army being the size it was just couldnt withstand such massive odds against it. The one strong part of the military wasnt the Army it was the Navy. It was well known that Britain had the best Navy in the world, for the simple knowledge that if you live on an island an invasion force isnt very good if you cant get to the country to attack it. America didnt need a strong navy for the simple reason its a large massive rock if your going to attack its usually by land so we need a large army. Well that turned out to be the simple opposite, but it wasnt the size of our navy it was the leadership under leaders such as Commador Perry. The lack of politcal unity was a large factor contributing to the treaty of the war, which was more like and armistice(implied lowering of arms of both parties). Without this treaty we would have inveribably been taken over by the British unless the army was increased. None of the states wanted to work with the other states so we stayed divided and nothing got accomplished. Since the country stayed ununified the army wasnt able to be raised and we kept losing. The combined factors of military and political disunity helped the nation to be unsucessful at its military conquests and self defense. With out a military of good size how are we to protect our country? Also without political togetherness we have no way of defending ourselves.All thes factors helped shape the war of 1812 as The worst fought American War.

Free Essays on Job Burnout

ORGANIZATION RESEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction...................................................................................... 1 Body................................................................................................. 2 Anticipating the Need to Change......................................... 2 Impact of the Organization's Culture................................... 3 OD Consultant Considerations............................................ 4 Diagnostic Process............................................................... 5 Overcoming Resistance....................................................... 6-8 Institutional Timelines......................................................... 9 OD Intervention Strategies Recommendations.................... 10 CONCLUSION................................................................................ 11 REFERENCES................................................................................ 12 INTRODUCTION Complete Wireless, like most companies provides a service and or product and has many day to day interactions with potential customers. Their goal is to maintain and build a positive rapport with every person who walks through their company doors. Accomplishing this by providing excellent customer care and selling the fitting product to each unique individual's needs. By being able to follow these simple principles the company grows reputably and so in turn financially as well. Complete Wireless has sold thousands of wireless phones and accessories and currently have four locations remaining. In spite of their past successes three stores have recently been forced to shut down within the past year. In order to put a stop to this potential domino effect I have come to a conclusion after researching employee and customer satisfaction levels that these are the very issues cau... Free Essays on Job Burnout Free Essays on Job Burnout ORGANIZATION RESEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction...................................................................................... 1 Body................................................................................................. 2 Anticipating the Need to Change......................................... 2 Impact of the Organization's Culture................................... 3 OD Consultant Considerations............................................ 4 Diagnostic Process............................................................... 5 Overcoming Resistance....................................................... 6-8 Institutional Timelines......................................................... 9 OD Intervention Strategies Recommendations.................... 10 CONCLUSION................................................................................ 11 REFERENCES................................................................................ 12 INTRODUCTION Complete Wireless, like most companies provides a service and or product and has many day to day interactions with potential customers. Their goal is to maintain and build a positive rapport with every person who walks through their company doors. Accomplishing this by providing excellent customer care and selling the fitting product to each unique individual's needs. By being able to follow these simple principles the company grows reputably and so in turn financially as well. Complete Wireless has sold thousands of wireless phones and accessories and currently have four locations remaining. In spite of their past successes three stores have recently been forced to shut down within the past year. In order to put a stop to this potential domino effect I have come to a conclusion after researching employee and customer satisfaction levels that these are the very issues cau...

The case therefore presents a challenge for students of Multi National Essay

The case therefore presents a challenge for students of Multi National Strategy - Essay Example This way a substantial amount of time taken in the drug development process can be saved. (Gonzalez-Benito, 30) The issue that occurs here is that testing drugs in poor countries gives rise to ethical concerns. Then dealing with the pharmaceutical critics becomes both a managerial concern and issue. These critics come up with claims that companies have failed to develop cures and only test drugs in the developing world intended for wealthy nations. (Lou Ann Di Nallo, 2008) In recent years the rising affluence in developing nations has created new incentives for drug makers to produce treatments over here. Also the huge population in developing countries makes a large market for the drug makers. However, according to advocates of social responsibility, the main responsibility for drug makers in the developing countries is to provide to their citizens an access to health care at affordable prices and to fight the neglected diseases prevalent over there. Which means these large companie s need to come up with programs that would at any time put the need for meeting public health care ahead of their profits. These kinds of programs will then eventually lead to improved relations with the host countries and will also promote the growth of market there. Therefore, addressing to the needs of developing counties has become an important part of pharmaceutical companies’ agenda. (Nott, 1996) In developing countries, the issue of getting intellectual property rights for the development of new drugs by pharmaceutical companies becomes an issue. This is because property rights or patents can be a disadvantage for developing countries in two ways. Firstly, these will increase the knowledge gap and secondly the producers of knowledge will have more bargaining power as a result. And most of these producers of knowledge themselves live in developed countries. Giving out patents will put the developing nations in a weak bargaining position when negotiating prices from the monopoly suppliers of drugs. Also, is believed that by awarding such rights to multinational companies, the introduction of new products by the local industries will be delayed and new medicines will become more expensive for a common man in these poor countries to afford. The resulting impression will be that of denying the people an access to the new drugs. (Charles Y.J. Cheah, 2004) Therefore the defense of the intellectual property rights is one of the major managerial issues of pharmaceuticals in developing countries just like the case of Novartis in India These companies argue that these rights would promote innovation and technological development which will eventually lead to social welfare and economic growth in developing countries. Patents provide an incentive to producers for investing in research and development, hence innovation. (Shah, 2010) Therefore, choosing a strategy that gives the company a reputation of being responsible while at the same time lowers the innova tion cost needs to be established. Companies expect reasonable rate of return for their investments on new drugs developed which would at times also mean charging a price that is much higher than what the market can afford to or is willing to pay. This lack of opportunity to make profits can be demotivating and lead to some

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Individual Project Essay

MGM465-0801A-05 Business Strategy - Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example On the other hand, the huge size of the company is also a great problem. Above all, their distributors are not feeling good to work with them. Taking the above statement in which the company’s strength and weakness are shown the very first step the company should adopt is to launch a cost-leadership strategy. This strategy requires such steps that will lower its operational cost. As mentioned above that they have old manufacturing plants, showing that they lack technological advancement. The company needs to enhance their technological advancement that will lower their labor cots. The labor cost in western countries is very high. The famous companies are now substituting human labor with latest CNC machines. These machines have more operational productivity and provide flexibility. Therefore, company needs to enhance their technologies and should place new plant rather the old one. This technological advancement will provide sufficient affect on the cordless product thus improving the sales of cordless. As the company does not know clearly about its market share and for this they have to develop Research & Developme nt department for efficient research on the market in order to know the exact information. The company must adopt the vertical integration as their distributors are not good to be with them. On the other hand, the huge size of the company is also a great problem. And that is because the poor management or due to the huge product line. While to solve the problem the company should adopt the strategy of mass customization. The mass customization will allow the company to produce those products that are demanded by the customers and stop producing the products that are causing the extra cost. The company needs to know that which product is producing more profit in the end. The company’s biggest strength is the demand of products and its brand. So if the company launches the strategies

Drug Promotion in the Media

Drug Promotion in the Media THE GHANAIAN MEDIA AND CONSUMER PROTECTION: THE CASE OF THE (TRADITIONAL) MEDICINE INDUSTRY The issue of consumer protection has been widely discussed in many countries across the world and especially in the advanced countries. In recent times, this discussion has diffused into developing countries, especially in Africa and most particularly in Ghana. Also, the media’s integrity and ethics of Journalism has been extensively debated. The subject matter of using the media to promote drugs and drug related products to consumers directly has undergone much scrutiny lately. The literature on these issues is profuse, yet some notable ones will be reviewed in the subsequent paragraphs. To begin with, Julie Donohue in her article, â€Å"A History of Drug Advertising: The Evolving Roles of Consumers and Consumer Protection† (2006) queried the importance of direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) on drugs. Although she agreed on the fact that â€Å"the main tool of consumer protection laws is the disclosure of information in order to level the playing field between buyers and sellers† (p662), to her, this phenomenon actually encourages â€Å"self-diagnosis† and is therefore detrimental to consumer’s health. She blamed this problem on the legal and cultural changes in health care. In her own words, she argued that the â€Å"legal and cultural changes in health care brought about by the patients’ and consumers’ rights movements laid the groundwork for the DTCA of prescription drugs. DTCA was surely an unintended consequence of these social movements and may, paradoxically, serve to frustrate future efforts to protect patients and consumers† (p691). She further argued that the use of mass media advertising for prescription drugs misleads consumers into taking costly prescription drugs that they do not need. She opined that mass media advertisements were only intended to be a â€Å"vehicle for pharmaceutical manufacturers to tell end users about their products’and ‘not to help businesses market their products† (p662). According to her, drugs that advertised to consumers had the advantage of established brand recognition, and this is what has accounted for most pharmaceutical companies pushing their products to the mass media to be advertised. Also, in the book The Truth About the Drug Companies (2004), Angell Marcia, apprised us thoroughly on underpinnings of drug companies. Tracing their eruption from 1980, Angell, lamented the manner in which the pharmaceutical industry has not been innovative. To him, â€Å"only a handful of truly important drugs have been brought to market in recent years, and they were mostly based on taxpayer-funded research at academic institutions, small biotechnology companies or the National Institutes of Health. The majority of ‘new’ drugs are not new at all but merely variations of older drugs already on the market. These are called ‘me-too’ drugs†. (p3). He explained that the thinking behind these â€Å"me-too† drugs is to grab a share of an established, lucrative market and make profit. Thus, to him, drug companies spring up almost every day, not because they intend to bring any new product onto the market, but only to reproduce drugs which are already in existence, and with the motive of making profit. This motive informs their resort to the mass media for direct-to-consumer advertisements (DTCA) so as to gain advantage over their competitors. He thus advocates that the Food and Drugs Authority (FDA) must stiffen their approval of new drugs coming unto the market. Thus, to him, â€Å"the me-too market would collapse virtually overnight if the FDA made approval of new drugs contingent on their being better in some important way than older drugs already on the market† (p12). He is of the view that this measure would make drug companies focus on finding truly innovative drugs and also reduce the incessant and enormously expensive marketing necessary to jockey for position in the me-too market. Furthermore, in their article â€Å"Media Credibility and Informativeness of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising†(2004), Huh et al evaluated consumer perceptions of the media credibility and informativeness of direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertisement and examined how those perceptions were influenced by consumer predispositions and demographic characteristics. To them, DTC advertisements are targeted mostly at â€Å"older consumers’’a segment that is particularly susceptible and vulnerable to commercial persuasion† (p29). This is because, to them studies have documented â€Å"various physical, psychological and social changes that accompany aging, including reduced sensory abilitiescognitive impairmentsthat can alter the communication process and result in decision-making difficulties and decreased resistance to persuasion† (p34). This trend, they argue is what has necessitated the insistence on media credibility because †Å"audience tend to rely on media they consider credible and informative† (p29) in choosing which drug to buy or not to buy. They argued that, in recent times, the basic objective of DTC advertisements are to â€Å"inform, persuade and remind consumers to take prescribed actions toward advertised drugs-to learn, to prefer, to ask for, and to ask for again† (p30). This, to them, is a significant departure from the original form of advertising, which concentrated on â€Å"influencing and maintaining demand for prescription drugs through the use of the push promotion strategy† and which took the form of â€Å"trade advertising directed at physicians and was used to deliver information that would work with other promotional tools to educate, persuade and help sell advertised drugs to physicians† (p29). Notable among their findings was the fact that â€Å"consumers place greater value on the information utility of the media of DTC drug advertising than its credibility as an information source about prescription drugs† (p53). Moreover, Burke et al in their article â€Å"Deception by Implication: An Experimental Investigation† (1988) set out to, among other things, measure the â€Å"misleading of two common types of advertising claims and their relative effectiveness for increasing consumer brand preference and purchase likelihood† (p484). These types of advertising claims include, those â€Å"that might lead the consumer to have a false impression of a product not by literal interpretation, but by implication† (ibid). To them, there is a need for consumer protection for products such as â€Å"pain relievers, where brands offer similar or identical performance and consumers lack a rigorous reality test of the truthfulness of ad claims† (p492). This is because, they found out that â€Å"expanded and qualified claims can enhance consumers’ images of advertised brand and related purchase intentions† (ibid). They then proffered that in view of the potential of these ad vertisements to â€Å"mislead consumers in cases where the advertised brand has no real competitive differentiation, advertisers are advised to use such claims judiciously† (ibid). To add to, in his article â€Å"Self Regulation and Television Advertising: A Replication and Extension† (2001), Abernethy Avery opined that â€Å"although television stations have the right to reject almost any advertisement submitted for broadcast, exercising that power to protect consumers from potentially false or misleading claims can directly lower station revenues† (p1). Thus to him, because of the possibility of television stations, like other media platforms, of losing revenue or not making much profit, these media outlets accept any advertisement from advertisers and air them on their platforms, without recourse to whether or not the advertisement can harm or mislead the consumer. Though he agrees that there are state and federal laws regulating the advertising of certain products such as tobacco, and also specific punitive measures for false and misleading or defamatory advertisements, he is of the view that much responsibility rests on media houses to engage in â€Å"self-regulation† (p2) or â€Å"clearance process† (p3) to sieve advertisements before putting them out for the public’s consumption. In his own words, â€Å"owners and managers of media vehicles have great power to determine the type of advertising they carry’’and determine if it is acceptable for their audience† (p2). He believes this process has the potential to â€Å"provide considerable consumer protection from false, misleading, or, inappropriate advertising† (p3). He found out through his research that â€Å"only 3% of stations substantiate the claims of every submitted advertisement and 2.5% of stations reject 10% or more of advertisements submitted for broadcast† (p9). These results to him, indicate that the â€Å"consumer protection provided by television advertisingis uneven† (ibid). As part of measures to curb this anomaly, he posits that the Federal Communications Commission must â€Å"require stations to submit their advertising review policies during license renewal and that those policies be part of public record† (p10). He believed that this measure would improve consumer protection since media houses and advertisers will be under obligation to put out true information about products. REFERENCES: Donohue, J., (2006) â€Å"A History of Drug Advertising: The Evolving Roles of Consumers and Consumer Protection† in Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 84, Issue 4, pp 659-699 Marcia, A., (2004) â€Å"The Truth about the Drug Companies†. Huh et al., (2004) â€Å"Media Credibility and Informativeness of Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising† in Health Marketing Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp 27-61 Burke et al., (1988) â€Å"Deception by Implication: An Experimental Investigation† in Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp 483-494 Abernethy et al., (2001) â€Å"Self-regulation and Television Advertising: A Replication and Extension† in Journal of Adertising Research, Vol. 41, Issue 3, pp 31-37

South Africa

Sindy Veritus March 9, 2013 Global Studies: Argumentative Essay South African Apartheid Apartheid in South Africa was a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party government from 1948 to 1994 of South Africa. Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times by the Dutch and British. Apartheid as an official policy was introduced following the general election in 1948. Apartheid was developed after War World II by the Afrikaner-dominated National Party and was first colonized by the Dutch and then the English came in and took most of it away.The population of South Africa was classified into four groups which was the Black, White, Indian, and Colored. The Colored group included people regarded as being of mixed descent including people of Bantu, and European ancestry and much more. Knowing that Apartheid was a system of laws created to keep the white population in control. The Group Areas act of 1951 controlled people where they could of live. The black where driven far away from their city, although their jobs were still in the cities in the white neighborhood.The Bantu education Act meant that the black students were disadvantaged with their education. â€Å"Bus fares were expensive and catching public transport everyday was expensive and caused hardship and depression for the black people. † (Wikipedia) The apartheid policy was highly effective of achieving its goal of privileged conduct for whites. On the other hand, the white population supported apartheid because they felt it was there to own the land of South Africa.There were many white pro apartheid people because of the much larger population of black South Africans causing the white people to believe that if the black were given rights and freedom, they would of no longer have political power. The white people were worried because they thought that their race would be taken over and they would lose the control that they always had. As a final point , In February 1990 President FW de Klerk announced the release of Nelson Mandela and began the exclusion of the Apartheid system.In 1992 a white council approved the reform process and on April 27, 1994 the first democratic elections were held in South Africa with people of all different races being able to vote. After the Apartheid came to an end in South Africa, people had more freedom. The Africans now have a little more money now that it’s not all going to the white. South Africa is now peaceful and the anniversary of the elections, which was held on April 27, is celebrated as a public holiday in South Africa known as Freedom Day.

Integrated and multi-agency working Essay

1.1 Explain the importance of multi-agency working and integrated working. Multi-agency working allows practitioners from different sectors and professions to work together to support children, young people and families. It makes sure that the child has the best support it can have. It has amazing benefits for the child and early identification and intervention allows that child to have tailor made support, thus allowing the child to reach his/her full potential either in their learning or development. It is important that young children and their families have support as a holistic approach which is part of the government framework. For example.ECM Every Child Matters, the five outcomes of ECM is that we should be working together to achieve the best possible outcomes for the children. The five aims are as follows. 1. be healthy. 2. Stay safe 3 Enjoy and achieve 4Make a Positive contribution 5Achieve economic well-being. A very effect part of multi agency working is inclusion and so they will encourage the child to be a part of whole class learning and will plan and adapt lessons accordingly. So the individual agencies provide different areas of expertise and the child will have the benefit of the holistic approach. 1.2. Analyse how integrated working practices and multi-agency working in partnership deliver better outcomes for children and young people. There are many outcomes for children that will be positive if the professionals working with the children and their families can share and agree upon the way they might assess, plan and implement for the child. Both the children and their parents can be involved in any plans to ensure that a child can achieve their potential both educationally and developmental. It is far more beneficial for the child to have a group of people who are skilled in different areas working with them and their families rather than to have help in only one area. It is equally important that all professionals involved share information on progress because failure to do so may lead to that child not receiving the best advice or help possible., they also need to meet up on a regular basis with the parents, teachers or any adult that are working on a daily basis with that child to have current idea on their progress. It is also important that if they are working with a child who is culturally different to gain as much information and understanding of their culture and communities. Although sometimes the school cannot support all issues surrounding the child such as housing they can provide an important point of contact and organise other professional help thus giving the child a very good start in life. 1.3. Describe the functions of external agencies with whom your work setting or service interacts. In our setting we have several different agencies that come into the school to give extra support to children. Speech and language therapists come in to initially assess the child, they will then either give us a set programme to follow to enable us to work on a 1-1 basis or with a small group of children, and the programme can include things like listening to / following instructions, pronunciation of certain letters /words. The same programme will be sent home to parents and they will be encouraged to follow it to enable the child to have as much help as possible. The Childs GP may have made the referral to the speech and language therapist if they thought that the child had difficulty in communicating effectively. Social workers will work with the child’s family to help them improve many things such as housing issues, poverty or any health needs of if there has been a bereavement that the parents or child are having difficulty coming to terms with. Educational psychologists will work with a child who has specific learning needs or psychological needs; they are usually brought in by the setting and will usually work with the child in the setting. TAC (team around the child) This is 2 or more professionals from different areas who come in to support the child and their families, this is done by offering parenting classes and helping the parent cope with day to day situations that they find stressful, for example this could be arranging childcare or advising on budgeting. School nurse comes in to weigh child, do hearing, dental and sight tests and will inform parent of any specific problems which may arise once these tests are completed. 1.4 Explain common barriers to integrated working and multi-agency working and how these can be overcome. Some professionals use their own abbreviated language when talking about their areas of expertise which is only recognised by their profession and so other professionals from different fields may not understand what is being said or meant. Other professional people may be used to working on their own so may find it difficult to share knowledge or accept advice given to them on how to deal with a situation. Different professions may have a different way of dealing with risks and may have different views and priorities on how to deal with children; they may feel threatened or upset when they are asked to find new ways of working. In order to work together successfully it is important that each profession is respected and made aware that their knowledge is seen as a valuable contribution to the multi-agency working†¦ it is also important for the individual professions to open t heir minds and consider a different approach and to communicate with each other and remember that every profession is working towards the benefit of the child. The key to a multi-agency running smoothly is to have a lead professional who will act as a point of contact for the child and their families and who will then take responsibility for the other agencies involved and communicate between all of the professionals thus hopefully preventing any barriers. 1.5 Explain how and why referrals are made between agencies. If the class teacher has any concerns about a Childs development or progress and think that that child may have an underlying problem that is stopping them from reaching their full potential such as a hearing, speech or any SEN (Special Educational Needs) then they inform the SENCO (Special Educational Co- Coordinator), they will come and observe the child and then if they think along the same lines then they will decide on which professional to make a referral to. The parent can also ask to be referred to a professional agency if they think their child is having specific difficulties. The professional then comes in and do their observations and will decide whether that child will need to be involved with several different agencies or with one specific one, such as speech and language. The parents will always be informed and will be involved in any referral process. It is essential that the Childs needs are identified and assessed quickly so that the proper provision can be put in place as soon as possible and the child can participate and be included in mainstream school and reach their full potential. 1.6 Explain the assessment frameworks that are used in own UK Home Nation. As a way of providing early intervention for a child before their situation reaches crisis point the Children’s Act (2004) and Every Child matters (DFES 2003) outlined a Common Assessment framework (CAF). It is a shared assessment and planning framework. This consists of a form which is filled in by the school (At my setting this is usually completed by the child protection officer) and the parent and can. take between 1 and 1.30 hours to complete. It can include concerns about Childs health and safety within the family, learning and developmental needs, any concerns about poverty within the family or behavioural issues. Once completed the form is sent to the CAF admin who will decide which professionals need to be involved, this could be a single agency such as a support worker who will work closely with the family or a multi-agency (TAC team around the child). By intervening early hopefully this will stop the child being referred to social services and being taken away from their families. 3.3a Analyse the potential tension between maintaining confidentiality with the need to disclose information. Where abuse of a child or young person is suspected. If a child/young person confides in us and discloses information where I suspect they maybe being abused I cannot promise to keep it a secret because I will have to disclose the information given in order to protect them. I would tell them that I have to inform others and that they will not be in trouble, as a main feature of sexual abuse is that the abuser asks the child to keep this a secret and tell them that they will be in trouble if they say something. I would write down exactly what the child said and date and sign the form and discuss the issue with the child protection officer. Potential tension could occur between myself and that child as they may think that I have let them down and abused their trust and may be reluctant to reveal any more, also if the abuser is a family member then once they have been informed of the disclosure they may be angry and could come to the school and threaten me or my family members, they may also remove the child from the setting and that child would be terrified and feel that everything is their fault. The suspected abuser could also make allegations against me saying that I am making up the whole story in order to protect themselves and until the abuse is proven they may try to instigate a group of parents to be little me every day which would cause a very stressful and intimidating situation. For an older child they may decide to withhold some of the information and so I would make it clear to them that they have different options such as the NSPCC, Child line, if they felt they could not talk to me. 3.3b when it is suspected that a crime has been/ may be committed. Firstly it is important to define what the crime is and how serious the crime is, as crime can cover a wide range of things from things like DVD Piracy right through to murder. If I felt the crime would not harm the child or others such as the DVD piracy then I would keep the disclosure confidential because it is important that the trust between child, parent and school be maintained in order for the families to share other information with us. If a child is being hurt or their parents are involved in more serious crime such as abuse, violence, drug trafficking or burglary then it would be obvious that you have to break confidentiality to ensure that the child that you are looking after is not in any significant harm and is safe and protected, and although my reporting the crime to others and the police would cause considerable tension within the family which may even result in a prison sentence and there may be significant repercussions made to me, my duty of care is to that child and I have to protect them at all times. If it were an older child and they were committing serious crimes themselves then I would inform them that I would have to involve the police and break confidentiality , this would cause considerable tension between the child/ young person and myself as they would inevitably get into serious trouble and they may want to hurt me or my family, they may even find out where I live and burgle my house . If the child was taking or selling illegal substances then I would try to find out why they were doing so and then try to persuade them to seek advice from a drug counsellor or their GP, hopefully my early intervention may cause them to realise that what they are doing is wrong and they may see the error in their ways and change their approach to life and breaking confidentiality would be the right thing to do in order to support the young person in getting the best help available.

Characteristics Of A Good Leader - 916 Words

To Be a Leader In the world today, there are leaders everywhere, such as Parents, Pastors, The President, CEO of Companies, Supervisors, and World Leaders just to name a few. These Leaders can be good or bad, for you or against you. A leader is a person that sees things through in order to make changes either in the mental growing aspect of one’s life, the economics of the world, or spiritual belief. The characteristics of a good leader are the leaders’ ability to inspire others, willingness to lead and integrity. The most important attribute of people is to be able to inspire others to do things out of their normality by making one feel needed, and wanted. Furthermore, using tactics such as incentives and rewards can be offered. For instance, when you need people to contribute to a project, sometimes an incentive needs to be presented in order for them to consider the offer. The tool available to do this is called a bonus payout. (Thurman, M. 2015). The other thing that can inspire others is the end of the year bonus, this will allow others to work hard in hopes to reap the benefits of a large employee bonus, for all the hard work that was contributed to the company that year. (Thurman, M. 2015). A good leader can inspire others with his or her words. This is tactic is used by Pastors, Preacher, Rabbi, Priest and other Spiritual leaders. There words are used to give you a since of fortitude, that everything will be okay just trust in god and he help you see everythingShow MoreRelatedCharac teristics Of A Good Leader905 Words   |  4 PagesIn the world today, there are leaders everywhere, such as parents, Pastors, The President, CEO’s of companies, supervisors, and World Leaders just to name a few. A Leader can be good, bad, for or against an individual. A leader is also a person that sees projects and life through in order to make changes either in the mental growing aspect of one’s life, the economics of the world, or spiritual belief. The characteristics of a good leader are the leaders’ ability to inspire others, willingnessRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Good Leader1727 Words   |  7 Pages Characteristics a Good Leader Should Possess BU430 Leadership Christine Troglen June 28, 2015 Miller-Motte College Characteristics a Good Leader Should Possess The traits or characteristics of a good leader play an integral part in how that leader decides, acts and leads. The actions of a good leader also play a role in how they affect the rest of those they lead. That leadership, for example, impacts the ultimate goals of the group or the company. A good leader must haveRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Good Leader1655 Words   |  7 PagesIndividuals are all defined by certain behaviors and characteristics. Specifically from a management standpoint, it is important to understand these behaviors and characteristics so that the manager can demonstrate a certain leadership style that will work best within their own organization. There is a common saying within most organizations, stating that all leaders should be managers, but not all managers should be leaders (Sun). Aspiring leaders need to identify the various types of leadership stylesRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Good Leader912 Words   |  4 Pageswhat traits a leader should contain. W ithin the development of surveys people are able to decided what characteristics they believe are those of a good leader. Surveys are not just used to see the good they are also used as a form of improvement where people can assess a person’s trait to help them better themselves. Having a standard for what a good leader is, is not necessarily used the same in each position or job field. Some places of employment look for particular characteristic that others mayRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Good Leader869 Words   |  4 Pagesworld today, there are leaders everywhere such as Parents, Pastors, The President, CEO of Companies, Supervisors and World leaders just to name a few, these individuals can be good or bad, for you or against you. A leader is a person that sees things through in order to make change either in the mental growing aspect of one’s life, the economics of the world, or spiritual belief. The characteristics of a good leader are the leaders’ abil ity to inspire others willingness to leader and integrity. TheRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Good Leader2712 Words   |  11 PagesThe description of a leader is a person that leads a group of people. A leader that has positive traits is a valuable asset in today’s society. A good leader will be honest and caring with a desire to make a positive outcome by encouraging followers and work toward a goal for the organization they are a part of. This paper will discuss the traits of a good leader as well as emphasize on past leadership experiences. Leadership theories can come from people closely involved with an individual, andRead MoreCharacteristics of a Good Leader2287 Words   |  9 Pagesinfluence, another definition by Peter Drucker in his foundation The Leader of the Future says the leader is someone who has followers. A good leader always tries to develop the working methods so as to achieve the set goals and keeps constantly tries to improve his functional skills in various fields, also the good leader challenge the process, have a vision and share it with others and encourage others to act. 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Forty-four percent of businesses believe they will be increasing the amount of money spent on leadership development (The 10 defining traits of an amazing leader, n.d.). Could they save money if research could determine what traits and characteristics are imperative for a good and effective leader? This paper willRead MoreEssay about Characteristics of a Good Leader526 Words   |  3 Pages A good leader needs to have many particular characteristics. Some of these are obvious, such as that they care about what you are doing and always puts you before themselves. Also another trait of a good leader is that they always keep promises they make. Some of the subtle attributes of a good leader are that they do not hide behind bad news. Moreover, they are easy people to talk to and they have a good if not excellent sense of humor. In my opinion, the best leader would be one that enjoys